Resistance to a Rhabdovirus (VHSV) in Rainbow Trout: Identification of a Major QTL Related to Innate Mechanisms

Chantier qualité GAHealth control is a major issue in animal breeding and a better knowledge of the genetic bases of resistance to diseases is needed in farm animals including fish. The detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) will help uncovering the genetic architecture of important traits and understanding the mechanisms involved in resistance to pathogens. We report here the detection of QTL for resistance to Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV), a major threat for European aquaculture industry. Two induced mitogynogenetic doubled haploid F2 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) families were used. These families combined the genome of susceptible and resistant F0 breeders and contained only fully homozygous individuals. For phenotyping, fish survival after an immersion challenge with the virus was recorded, as well as in vitro virus replication on fin explants. A bidirectional selective genotyping strategy identified seven QTL associated to survival. One of those QTL was significant at the genome-wide level and largely explained both survival and viral replication in fin explants in the different families of the design (up to 65% and 49% of phenotypic variance explained respectively). These results evidence the key role of innate defence in resistance to the virus and pave the way for the identification of the gene(s) responsible for resistance. The identification of a major QTL also opens appealing perspectives for selective breeding of fish with improved resistance

Bourdieusian Reflections on Language: Unavoidable Conditions of the Real Speech Situation

The main purpose of this paper is to shed light on Pierre Bourdieu’s conception of language. Although he has dedicated a significant part of his work to the study of language and even though his analysis of language has been extensively discussed in the literature, almost no attention has been paid to the factthat Bourdieu’s account of language is based on a number of ontological presuppositions, that is, on a set of universal assumptions about the very nature of language. This article aims to fill this gap in the literature by offering a detailed overview of 10 key features which, from a Bourdieusian point of view, can be regarded as inherent in language. On the basis of this enquiry,the study seeks todemonstrate that——contraryto commonbelief——there is not only a Bourdieusian sociology of language but also a Bourdieusian philosophy of language, which provides a useful theoretical framework for examining the unavoidable conditions of the real speech situation. The paper draws to a close by reflecting on the flaws and limitations of Bourdieu’s approach to language

L’Homme trace

Avec le xxie siècle, semble émerger un genre nouveau, celui de l’Homme trace. Jamais dans l’histoire de l’humanité, les outils technologiques n’ont été aussi nombreux et aussi efficaces non seulement pour communiquer, mais aussi enregistrer les moindres faits et gestes du quotidien. Il s’ensuit une forme de traçabilité humaine qui suscite les inquiétudes les plus déraisonnables et des questionnements éthiques, légitimes et inédits, qui touchent aux notions mêmes d’intimité et de liberté. Observant et analysant certaines des traces les plus exemplaires de l’homme contemporain, les spécialistes réunis ici placent ces interrogations primordiales en perspective. Dépassant l’illusoire évidence de la « trace », ces chercheurs, issus de champs disciplinaires variés (sciences de la communication, sociologie, informatique, psychologie, linguistique, mais aussi géographie et anthropologie), traitent le sujet sous des angles divers, déconstruisent la notion de trace et en dégagent un nouveau paradigme. Émerge ainsi l’absolue nécessité de mettre en rapport le contexte de production de la trace, celui de sa réception et de son interprétation. Une exploration contemporaine de la nature fondamentale de l’Homme