Anatomical variations of coronary sinus ostium and Thebesian valve

The coronary sinus (CS) is the main cardiac vein and it has become a clinically important structure especially through its role in providing access for different cardiac procedures. The study was carried out on 100 randomly selected adult human cadaver hearts fixed in 10% formalin. The transverse and craniocaudal diameters of the coronary sinus ostium (CSO) were directly measured. The presence of the Thebesian valve was noted and the anatomical details of the valve were documented in each case in terms of the shape and extent of coverage of the CSO. Considerable variations in the diameter of the CSO were observed. The mean craniocaudal diameter of the CSO was 8.1±1.51 mm, and the mean transverse diameter was 7.67±1.72 mm. Heart specimens without Thebesian valve tended to have larger ostia. The mean craniocaudal diameter and the mean transverse diameter of the CSO were statistically larger in the specimens without Thebesian valves (p=0.000 and p=0.001, respectively). The Thebesian valves were observed in 86 hearts, and a wide variety of their morphology was seen. The majority of the Thebesian valves were semilunar in shape (74.42%). The extent to which the valve covered the ostium was variable, including remnant valves that covere

Morphological characteristics of the anterior cerebral artery

Cerebral circulation, especially arterial, in recent decades has attracted the interest of anatomists and clinicians. The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) arises from the termination of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery, and supplies blood to the medial regions of the frontal and parietal cortex, corpus callosum and falx cerebri. The ACA is usually divided into 5 segments. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological and topographic characteristics of the A1 or precommunicating segment of the ACA. The investigations of anatomical characteristics of the A1 segment of ACA was made on 133 human brains without cerebrovascular pathology, from both sexes at age from 23 to 68. Brains were fixed in a 10% solution of formaldehyde, and the obtained material was analyzed using a stereoscopic light microscope. The length of the A1 segment of ACA was in range from 6.8 to 20.8 mm, with mean value of 13.9 mm on the left side and from 7.4 to 21.8 mm, with mean value of 14.6 mm on the right side. The diameter of A1 segment of ACA on the left side was in range from 1.1 to 3 mm, with a mean value of 2.2 mm. The diameter of A1 segment of ACA on the right side was in range from 0.6 to 3.1 mm, with a mean value of 2.0 mm. Hypoplastic caliber of A1 segment of the ACA was noticed in 8% and in 0.5% duplication of the A1 segment of the ACA was registered. Detailed anatomical knowledge of the A1 segment of ACA is important when considering vascular surgery in the area of the anterior portion of the circle of Willis, since is the most common site of intracranial aneurysm formation

Морфолошките и топографски карактеристики на retropyelic артерија со бубрезите

In the retropyelic vascularization of the kidney the a. retropyelica, the posterior terminal branch of the renal, artery, always takes its part. This artery passes through the upper edge of the renal pelvis and along its back side as a bow with an outer convexsity and after the entrance of the renal sinus it ends-up as an artery of the dorsal renal segment. By the surgical interventions on the back side of the renal pelvis i.e. by the pyelotomy it is possible to cause injury of the same as well as necrosis of a smaller or a bigger part of the renal parenchym

Morfoloske karakteristike renalne arterije kod humanog bubrega

Cilj istrazivanja bio je analiza duzine, kalibra leve i desne renalne arterije kod humanog bubrega oba pola. Subjekti i metode: Merenja obuhvataju analize renalne arterije kod 30 humanih bubrega i 30 renalne angiografije. Informacije dobijene pri merenju duzine renalne arterije su klasificirane i grupirane a zatim obradjene Studentovim ttest i korelacije. Za potrebe ove analize, za svaku varijablu izracunati su sledeci parameter: Aritmeticka sredine X i standardne devijacije Rezultati: Na nasem ispitivanom materijalu nadjeno je da prosecna duzina desne renalne arterije kod muskog pola iznosi 4.4167 cm, a kod leve 3.3467cm. Dok prosecne duzine desne renalne arterije kod zenskog pola iznosi 4.3667cm, a kod leve 3.2834cm. Kalibar bubrezne arterije meren je 0.2cm od njihovog nastanka. Kod angiografije njihove vrednosti su manje zbog toga sto se kod angiografije vidi samo lumen ovih krvnih sudava a ne i debljina njihovih zidova. Zakljucak: Dimenzije renalne arterije predstavljaju osnovu za pravilnu i brzu dijagnozu brojnih patoloskih i fizioloskih promena bubrega. Kljucne reci: bubreg, renalna arterija, anatomija, dimenzija

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE CERVICAL SPINAL CANAL ON MRI

Abstract Two useful numerical values, called the Torg ratio and the spinal canal diameter (SC diameter) are widely accepted as reliable morphometric determinants of spinal stenosis. The aims of the study were to examine morphometric determinants of the cervical spinal canal on MRI in both sexes and analyse them as reliable indicators of spinal stenosis. Measurements were made on 50 MR images (sagittal T 2 weighted images from C3 to C7) of the cervical spine of patients from the Emergency Centre who had undertaken MRI of the cervical spine in addition to CT for various diagnostic indications. Torg ratio, used in evaluation of the spinal canal stenosis on plain x-ray radiographs, cannot be used as a spinal canal stenosis indicator due to the gender differences in the vertebral bodies' width. Sagittal canal diameters were more spread out in males than in females. MRI enables the value of the space available for the spinal cord, (SAC) to be determined, by subtracting the sagittal diameter of the spinal cord from the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal. Not gender, but individual and level differences in the SAC values were evident (cervical cord enlargement). SAC values relied more on the spinal canal than on the spinal cord, so that the differences in the dimensions of the spinal cord accounted for less variability in the SAC values. MR imaging of the cervical spine provides more accurate cervical canal and spinal cord measurements that could serve as morphometric determinants of the cervical canal stenosis

Socioeconomic status in relation to BMI in Macedonian adolescents

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status in Macedonian high school students in relation to their socioeconomic status (SES), education and employment of their parents. In this study 117 adolescent students (48 males and 69 females) at the age of 17 and 18 were included. We measured weight and height using standard procedures while BMI was calculated. The examinees completed the questionnaire including data for SES, parents’ education and employment. Male students had significantly higher standard deviation scores for weight, height and BMI compared with females. The level of education and employment of students’ mother had no significant influence on BMI but the level of education and employment of the father had a significant influence (p<0, 05). A student whose fathers’ was with a level of lower education had significantly higher sores for BMI opposite to those whose fathers have middle or higher level of education. Examinees with lower SES had significantly higher rates of BMI compared with those which SES was higher. Key words: adolescents, socioeconomic status, nutritional anthropometry, obesit

Lumbosacral transitional anatomy types and disc degenerative changes

Background and purpose: The relationship between presence of lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) and disc degenerative changes is unclear. The aim of the study was to examine the relation between different types of LSTV and disc degenerative changes at the transitional and the adjacent cephalad segment. Material and methods: Sixty-three patients (mean age 51.48 ± 13.51) out of200 adults with low back pain who performed MRI examination of the lumbosacral spine, classified as positive for LSTV, were included in the study. Annular tears, disc degeneration according to Phirmann classification and disc herniations were evaluated and graded at transitional and adjacent cephalad level. Results: The severity of disc degeneration at the transitional level and the adjacent level correlated with the types of LSTV. Severe disc degenerative changes were most frequent in articulated connection LSTV types and in combined LSTV type at the transitional level and in osseus connection LSTV types at the adjacent cephalad level. These changes were more frequent in unilateral articulated connection LSTV subtype (64% vs 54%); and in unilateral osseus connection LSTV subtype (25% vs no patients) at transitional level, and in bilateral osseus connection LSTV subtype (100% vs 50%) at the level above. High prevalence of disc herniations was observed in articulated connection LSTV types as well as in unilateral osseus connection LSTV subtype at transitional and the adjacent cephalad level. At the transitional level higher prevalence of disc herniations was characteristic for unilateral articulated connection LSTV subtype (46%vs 41%) and for unilateral osseus connection LSTV subtype (50% vs no patients). At the adjacent level higher prevalence of disc herniations was observed in bilateral articulated connection LSTV subtype (38% vs 27%) and in bilateral osseus connection LSTV subtype (50% vs 25%). Conclusions: The compact osseus connection (osseus bridging vs articular bridging) of the lumbosacral transitional vertebra with the sacrum protects the disc at the transitional level and produces greater stress to adjacent cephalad segment. Bilateral osseus bridging seems to be most protective to the disc at the transitional level, but this type of LSTV produces great stress to the adjacent cephalad level

Histological composition of lumbar disc herniations related to the type of herniation and to the age

Objectives: To compare the data for histologic composition of the herniated disc material between different types of disc herniations and between patients of different age. Background: Lots of studies have investigated the histologic composition of disc herniations. Few studies have examined the presence of granulation tissue related to the type of herniations and age of the subjects. Methods: 120 patients divided in to two age groups underwent MR imaging before microsurgical removal of the herniations. Disc herniations were divided in to two groups, non migrated and large migrated disc herniations. The histologic assessment of the herniated material is done by dividing the intercellular matrix into four types. The existence of areas of granulation tissue and hyaline cartilage is evaluated too. Results: The tissue composition showed signifi cant differences between patients of different age. Areas of granulation tissue and neovascularisation are found in 12 % of 64 protrusions and contained extrusions, and in 29 % of 56 large migrated disc extrusions (p=0.029 ). In elderly patients the tissue composition changed with a signifi cant decrease of prevailing nucleus pulposus composition in 7 % of 60 (p=0.000) and a signifi cant increase of prevailing fi brous tissue composition in 40 % of 60 (p=0.000). Areas of granulation tissue and neovascularisation were found in 27 % of 60 patients aged ≤50 and in 13 % of 60 patients aged >50. Conclusions: The tissue composition of the herniated material showed more expressed differences between subjects of different age. Granulation tissue and neovascularisation were more frequent fi ndings in large migrated disc herniations and in patients aged 35 to 50 years (Fig. 8, Ref. 22). Full Text in PDF www.elis.sk. Key words: magnetic resonance (MR), spine, lumbar disc herniations, histology

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis of Body Composition in Karate Athletes Regarding The Preparatory Period // Analiza telesnog sastava karatista bioelektričnom impedansom pre i posle pripremnog perioda

The aim of the paper was to asses changes in body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) methodology in members of national karate team after teen week preparatory training period. The investigation was carried out on 11 male karate contestants, aged 18 to 28 years mean age (21.82± 3.58). The body composition was analyzed with In Body 720. The BIA outcomes were divided in 3 group of variables: body fluid and body composition variables, obesity diagnose variables and segmental analysis variables. All BIA variables were insignificantly higher at second measuring (p>005). Only Body mass index (BMI=24.1 vs 24.55); mineral (4.69 kg vs 4.77 kg) and osseous (3.85 kg vs 3.92 kg), were significantly higher (p≤0.05) after preparatory period. Body fat mass (BFM=10.34 kg vs 10.75 kg, p=0.329) and body fat percent (BF%= 12.73 vs13.22%) insignificantly increased after preparatory period. The skeletal mass has changed from 40.03kg to 40.55kg (p=0.276). Body composition analysis, changes in weight, BMI and body fluids are essential for weight categories dependent sports such as karate. Positive changes in body components and in body fluids suggest that the training process during the preparatory period did not show negative effects on body components and the hydration of the karate athletes

Antropolosko drustvo Srbije

Morfoloske karakteristike tranzitornih lumbosakralnih spojeva. Morfoloske karakteristike renalne arterije kod humanog bubrega. Testiranje dimenzije bubrega kod humanog fetusa za vreme fetalnog perioda