Validity of the VO2peak prediction model to Brazilian youth with spina bifida

Objective: To validate a peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) prediction model in Brazilian youth with spina bifida. Methods: Twenty participants with spina bifida performed a graded arm crank test to measure VO2peak. The VO2peak values predicted by the equation “VO2peak (mL/min) = 194 + 18 × peak workload – 110 × sex” were compared to the VO2peak values measured. Results: The predicted VO2peak was not different from the measured VO2peak. A high correlation was found between both VO2peak values, and the Bland-Altman analysis did not show a significant difference, demonstrating agreement between the values. Conclusions: The VO2peak prediction model in Brazilian youth with spina bifida was validated, being an advantageous alternative to assess and follow physical fitness and prescribe exercise training intensity.Objetivo: Validar uma equação preditiva do consumo pico de oxigênio (VO2pico) em jovens brasileiros com espinha bífida. Métodos: Vinte participantes com espinha bífida realizaram um teste ergoespirométrico de membros superiores para medir o VO2pico. Os valores de VO2pico preditos pela equação “VO2pico (mL/min)= 194 + 18 × carga pico – 110 × sexo” foram comparados com o VO2pico medido. Resultados: O VO2pico predito pela equação não foi diferente do VO2pico medido. Foi encontrada alta correlação entre os valores de VO2pico e, a análise Bland Altman não mostrou diferença significativa, demonstrando concordância entre os valores. Conclusão: A equação preditiva do VO2pico é válida para jovens brasileiros com espinha bífida e é uma alternativa vantajosa para obter e acompanhar o condicionamento físico e prescrever a intensidade de treinamento nesses indivíduos.

Exercício excêntrico e alongamento para músculos flexores plantares aplicados durante 21 dias após imobilização não modificam o tecido não contrátil

As adaptações da matriz extracelular, que está intimamente ligada à manutenção da integridade e do desempenho do sistema musculoesquelético, não estão consensualmente descritas na literatura após recarga por desuso. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a área de tecido conjuntivo perimisial e de secção transversa das fibras musculares nos músculos sóleo e plantar de ratas imobilizadas e posteriormente reabilitadas por protocolos de alongamento e exercício excêntrico. A expressão do tecido conjuntivo perimisial de ambos os músculos estudados não apresentou diferença significativa após o procedimento de imobilização e treinamento. O treino excêntrico aplicado por 10 dias foi suficiente para recuperar a área das fibras para o músculo plantar, enquanto a recuperação do músculo sóleo aconteceu somente após o protocolo de 21 dias.No figuran descriptas de manera consensual en la literatura las adaptaciones extracelulares, ligadas al mantenimiento de la integridad y del desempeño del sistema musculoesquelético tras inmovilizaciones. En este estudio se evalúa el área del perimisio del tejido conjuntivo y de la sección transversal de las fibras musculares del sóleo y del plantar en ratas inmovilizadas y después rehabilitadas siguiendo los protocolos de estiramiento y de ejercicio excéntrico. En el área evaluada de ambos músculos no se observaron significativas diferencias tras el procedimiento de inmovilizarlos y entrenarlos. Aplicados en diez días, el entrenamiento excéntrico ha sido suficiente para recuperar el área de las fibras para el músculo plantar, mientras que el músculo sóleo ha tardado veintiuno días en recuperarse.The adaptations of the extracellular matrix, which is closely related to the maintenance of the integrity and performance of the musculoskeletal system, are not widely described in the literature after rehabilitation due to prolonged disuse. The aim of this study was to analyze the perimysial connective tissue area and the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers in soleus and plantaris muscles of immobilized female rats, later rehabilitated due to stretching and eccentric exercise protocols. The expression of the perimysial connective tissue of both studied muscles did not show significant differences after the procedure of immobilization and training. Eccentric training applied for 10 days was enough to recover the area of fibers for the plantaris muscle, while the recovery of the soleus muscle happened only after the 21-days protocol

Effect of using orthoses on prolonging ambulation in patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: review of literature

A capacidade de marcha em pacientes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne diminui progressivamente devido ao avanço da fraqueza e encurtamento muscular. As órteses para membros inferiores são frequentemente prescritas na tentativa de prolongar a marcha nestes pacientes. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura a fim de verificar o efeito do uso das órteses em relação ao prolongamento do tempo de marcha. Método: Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico nas bases PUBMED, PEDRO e SCIELO com as palavras-chave orthoses, bracing, gait, gait loss, ambulation, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Resultados: Nos quatorze artigos selecionados foi identificada a prescrição das órteses do tipo KAFO (também chamadas de órteses longas) e AFO, sempre associada a outra intervenção terapêutica. A maioria dos estudos relatou que o uso do dispositivo prolonga o tempo de marcha. Conclusão: O uso da órtese, independentemente do tipo, prolonga a deambulação, pois retarda o avanço de encurtamentos. Assim, sugere-se o início precoce da AFO a fim de minimizar o prejuízo funcional característico da doençaThe walking ability of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy gradually decreases due to advancing weakness and muscle contracture. Lower limb orthoses are often prescribed in an attempt to prolong ambulation in these patients. Objective: To perform a literature review in order to verify the relationship between using orthoses and prolonging ambulation. Method: A literature review was performed in the PUBMED, PEDRO, and SCIELO databases with the keywords orthoses, bracing, gait, gait loss, ambulation, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Results: In 14 selected articles the prescription of knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFO) (also called long orthoses) and anklefoot orthoses (AFO) was identified, always associated with another therapeutic intervention. Most studies have reported that the use of such a device prolongs ambulation. Conclusion: The use of orthoses, regardless of type, prolongs ambulation, because it delays the progress of muscle contracture. Thus, the early use of AFO is recommended in order to minimize the functional impairment characteristic of the diseas

El gasto energético durante la marcha de los niños con distrofia muscular de Duchenne: un estudio de caso

Este estudo de caso objetivou verificar se o modelo de Rose et al. 1 é factível para avaliar o gasto energético na marcha em crianças com distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD). Participaram três crianças com DMD e idades de 6, 7 e 8 anos. Foram avaliados peso, altura, comprimento dos membros inferiores (CMMII), frequência cardíaca (FC) de repouso e de marcha realizada em circuito oval de 55 m durante um teste de 2 minutos em cada velocidade. O gasto energético foi calculado pela FC. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados (média) e estes foram comparados, individualmente, com dados normativos. A velocidade média (Vm) da marcha dos três pacientes foi igual aos dados normativos na etapa velocidade lenta e menor nas etapas de velocidade confortável e rápida. O gasto energético na velocidade lenta dos pacientes 2 e 3 foi similar à normalidade, e menor para o paciente 1; na velocidade confortável, o gasto energético de todos os pacientes foi similar; na velocidade rápida, os pacientes 1 e 2 apresentaram valores similares ao normal, porém o paciente 3 teve maior gasto energético. Concluiu-se que a avaliação do gasto energético pela FC foi facilmente executada na clínica, podendo auxiliar na eleição de condutas. Para o paciente 3 poderia ser indicado um treinamento aeróbio e para os demais manter esse protocolo de avaliação nas visitas subsequentes.This case study aimed to verify the model of Rose et al.1 as a feasible to assess energy expenditure in gait of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Three DMD patients aged 6, 7 and 8 years old participated of this study. It was obtained weight, height, leg length measurement (LLM), resting and gait heart rate (HR) held on as 55-meter oval circuit performed during a two-minute test at each speed. Energy expenditure was calculated using the HR. It was performed a descriptive analysis (average) and these were compared, individually, to normative data. The average gait speed of these three patients was similar to the normative data for slow speed and lower considering comfortable and fast speed. The energy expenditure to slow speed of the patients 2 and 3 was similar to the normality, and lowest for patient 1; at comfortable speed, the energy expenditure obtained for all patients was similar; at fast speed, the patients 1 and 2 presented similar to normal values, but the patient 3 presented higher energy expenditure. It was concluded that the energy expenditure evaluation using HR was easily executed in the clinical practice and it can help therapeutic choices. For patient 3, an aerobic training could be indicated and for the others, they could keep the routine assessments.Este estudio de caso tuvo como objetivo verificar si el modelo de Rose et al es factible para evaluar el gasto de energía en la marcha de niños con distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD). Participaron tres niños con DMD con edades de 6, 7 y 8 años. Fueron evaluados peso, altura, longitud de las extremidades inferiores (LEI), frecuencia cardiaca (FC) en reposo y la marcha realizada en el circuito ovalado de 55 m durante un exámen de 2 minutos en cada velocidad. El gasto energético fue calculado por la FC. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos (media) y éstos fueron comparados de forma individual con los datos normativos. La velocidad media (VM) de la marcha de los tres pacientes fue igual a los datos normativos en la etapa velocidad lenta y menor en las etapas de velocidad confortable y rápida. El gasto de energía en la velocidad lenta de los pacientes 2 y 3 fue similar a la normalidad, y menor para el paciente 1; en la velocidad confortable, el gasto de energía de todos los pacientes fue similar; en la velocidad rápida, los pacientes 1 y 2 tuvieron valores similares a lo normal, pero el paciente 3 tuvo mayor gasto energético. Se concluyó que la evaluación del gasto energético por la FC se llevó a cabo fácilmente en la clínica, y pudo ayudar en la elección de conductas. Para el paciente 3 podría ser indicado un entrenamiento aeróbico y para los demás mantener ese protocolo de evaluación en las visitas siguientes

Characterization of Fiber Types in Different Muscles of the Hindlimb in Female Weanling and Adult Wistar Rats

We analyzed lesser diameter and distribution of fiber types in different skeletal muscles from female Wistar rats using a histoenzymology Myofibrillar Adenosine Tri-phosphatase (mATPase) method. Fragments from muscles were frozen and processed by mATPase in different pH. Adult and weanling rat soleus muscles presented a predominance of type I fibers and larger fiber diameters. In the plantar muscle in adult rats, the type IIB fibers demonstrated greater lesser diameter while in the weanling animals, types I and IIB fibers were larger. The plantar muscle of animals of both ages was composed predominantly of the type IID fibers. The type IID fibers were observed in similar amounts in the lateral gastrocnemius and the medial gastrocnemius muscles. Type IIB fibers showed predominance and presented higher size in comparison with other types in the EDL muscle. The present study shows that data on fiber type distribution and fiber lesser diameter obtained in adult animals cannot always be applied to weanling animals of the same species. Using the mATPase, despite the difficult handling, is an important tool to determine the different characteristics of the specific fibers in the skeletal muscle tissue

ANÁLISE DO DESEMPENHO FUNCIONAL PARA ESTIMAR CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOLÓGICAS DO TECIDO MUSCULAR ESQUELÉTICO DE SUJEITOS ADULTOS

This short review aims to analyze the capacity of functional analysis, through isokinetic dynamometry, to gather information on muscle fiber contractile characteristics in normal sedentary individuals, athletes, elderly people and in muscular alterations (atrophy and myopathy). The studies, here reported, demonstrated that by kinetic functional analysis, in contrast to the in vitro one, muscular performance in individuals may be quantified in conditions close to their daily or sportive activities. Thus, it is possible to precisely determine the influence of muscular adaptations in conducting these activities and, in addition, verify how muscular contraction functions in adverse clinical conditions like, lack of use, muscular atrophy, aging and myopathy. Different functional variables (fatigue index, torque, potency and work) are strongly related with different types of fibers, particularly with type 2 fast contraction fiber. Consolidation of the dynamometer as an instrument for measuring and/or diagnostic of various muscular conditions is highly relevant to therapeutic practice and merits emphasizing to health professionals.  Esta breve revisão aborda a capacidade da análise funcional, através da dinamometria isocinética, em inferir características contráteis das fibras musculares em indivíduos normais sedentários, atletas, idosos e nas alterações musculares (atrofia e miopatia). A análise dos estudos aqui abordados demonstrou que a análise funcional isocinética, em contraste com a realizada in vitro, quantifica o desempenho muscular em condições próximas das atividades de vida diária ou esportiva dos sujeitos. Portanto, é possível determinar mais precisamente a influência das adaptações musculares na realização destas atividades e, além disso, como a função muscular se comporta em condições clínicas adversas como desuso, atrofia muscular, envelhecimento e miopatias. As diferentes variáveis funcionais (índice de fadiga, torque, trabalho e potência) apresentam fortes relações com diferentes tipos de fibras, com destaque para a fibra de contração rápida do tipo 2. A consolidação do dinamômetro como instrumento de medida e/ou diagnóstico das diferentes condições musculares é de grande relevância para a prática terapêutica e merece tornar-se mais evidente para os profissionais da saúde. 

The use of the gait profile score and gait variable score in individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Therapeutic gait interventions for individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) should be based on understanding how movement of the individual is affected and whether different clusters of individuals, determined by clinical severity, differ. Gait indexes have been developed to synthesize the data provided by the three dimensional (3D) gait analysis such as the Gait Deviation Index (GDI) and the Gait Profile Score (GPS) where the gait variable score (GVS) can be calculated. The objective this study was to evaluate the potential use of the GDI and GPS and MAP using data from 3D gait analysis of DMD patients. The dimension 1 score of the Motor Function Measurement defined the groups that composed the cluster analysis. Twenty patients with DMD composed 2 groups according to the cluster analysis (Cluster 1, n=10; Cluster 2, n=10). Three-dimensional gait analysis was conducted where GDI, GPS and GVS (pelvic tilt/obliquity; hip flexion-extension/ adduction-abduction/ rotation; knee flexion-extension; ankle dorsiflexion-plantarflexion, foot progression angle) were calculated. Cluster 1 group presented lower hip flexion-extension and lower pelvic obliquity when compared with Cluster 2 group (p<0.05). There was no difference between groups for GDI, GPS total and maximum isometric muscle strength of the lower limbs (p>0.05). This study showed that GVS could detect alterations on the parameters obtained using three-dimensional gait analysis for those DMD patients separated according to motor function regarding pelvic and hip kinematic patterns. The rehabilitation of patients with DMD is recommended from the early stages of the disease (as Cluster 1, with > MFM) with the hip joint being the therapeutic target

Balance and muscle power of children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth

ABSTRACT | Background: In certain diseases, functional constraints establish a greater relationship with muscle power than muscle strength. However, in hereditary peripheral polyneuropathies, no such relationship was found in the literature. Objective: In children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT), to identify the impact of muscle strength and range of movement on the static/dynamic balance and standing long jump based on quantitative and functional variables. Method: The study analyzed 19 participants aged between 6 and 16 years, of both genders and with clinical diagnoses of CMT of different subtypes. Anthropometric data, muscle strength of the lower limbs (hand-held dynamometer), ankle and knee range of movement, balance (Pediatric Balance Scale) and standing long jump distance were obtained by standardized procedures. For the statistical analysis, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used. Results: There was a strong positive correlation between balance and the muscle strength of the right plantar flexors (r=0.61) and dorsiflexors (r=0.59) and a moderate correlation between balance and the muscle strength of inversion (r=0.41) and eversion of the right foot (r=0.44). For the long jump and range of movement, there was a weak positive correlation with right and left plantar flexion (r=0.20 and r=0.12, respectively) and left popliteal angle (r=0.25), and a poor negative correlation with left dorsiflexion (r=-0.15). Conclusions: The data on the patients analyzed suggests that the maintenance of distal muscle strength favors performance during balance tasks, while limitations in the range of movement of the legs seem not to be enough to influence the performance of the horizontal long jump. Keywords: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; strength; balance; range of movement; assessment; physical therapy. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE Silva TR, Testa A, Baptista CRJA, Marques Jr W, Mattiello-Sverzut AC. Balance and muscle power of children with CharcotMarie-Tooth. Braz J Phys Ther. http://d