Credit Unions--Regulatory Control Development--Problems--Recommendations

An awareness of the credit union, its economic and social impact,has a special significance to the lawyer. Although such significance appears minimized by a dearth of litigation addressed to credit unions in the past, this is not a true reflection of fact; nor would a true history of credit union litigation be a guide to the future. The lack of identifiable credit union litigation is chiefly due to the lack of appreciation by the bench for the distinguishing features of savings and loan associations, commercial banks, and credit unions. Two prospective developments should cause increased attorney contact with credit unions. First, the necessity for statutory revision and enactment as re-analysis of the credit union system suggests the need for more effective regulatory control. Second, the growing number of credit unions and members will engage more of the bar in assisting with the organization of a credit union, and in providing counsel to those in existence...The failure to adapt to a changing system has prompted this analysis of the role of the credit union in our economy. This analysis will trace the origin and evolution of the credit union, will present existing problems relating to (1) the adequacy of regulatory control, (2) the prospect and justification of a federal central credit system comparable to the central bank system, (3) the advisability of share insurance for protection of members, and (4) the justification for continued tax exemption, and will make some conclusionary recommendations

Strategic Planning and the Family Firm: An SBI Consulting Perspective

Given the fact that approximately 90 percent of all businesses could be classified as family-owned or closely-held, it is becoming increasingly important that SBI student consulting teams are sensitive to the issues surrounding family and privately y-held firms. Several issues regarding complexities of the family and business systems of family y-owned firms are presented and discussed. It is posited that strategic management plays a role in the balancing and merging of the two sometimes discordant systems and can be used by the SBI teams in the consulting process. Finally, the need for research in the areas of 1) interest in ownership succession by family members; and 2) leadership succession in the family-owned firm is presented and discussed

The Small Business Institute Program" High Impact Entrepreneurship Education

Small, entrepreneurial, and family businesses have long been regarded as important contributors to the growth  of a nation "s business  activity  and  development.  as  well as  a significant  driving force    in  the  nation "s overall  economic  health  and  stability.     As  such.  business  schools   are becoming  increasingly  aware  of  the  need  to develop programs   which  are:   I)   tailored  to  the specific  needs  of students  who represent the  next generation  of small,  entrepreneurial, and family business  owners;  and 2) focused   on the needs  of the firm   owners  themselves.    In  recent years, business   schools   Worldwide   have   begun   to   develop,   refine,    and   implement  faculty-directed, student-based  consulting programs   as a teaching/learning  tool  in their  undergraduate  and  MBA programs   to address  this dual need     This paper   traces the past, present  and future  path  of one such program:   the  highly  successful  faculty-guided,    student-based   Small   Business  Institute™ (SB/) field    case  consultation  program.      The  role  of  the  Small   Business   Institute   Directors' Association  (SB/DA)  is also  discussed  in terms  of  it role  in facilitating    the  ongoing  impact  of entrepreneurship  education  as  we  head  into  the  2 I st  century

English Proficiency Testing at Benson High School

The importance of English in the high school curriculum has long been recognized as evidenced by the fact that from six to eight credits in the subject is the usual minimum requirement for graduation. While there is no doubt much to be said about the variation in the subject matter taught in the many schools of the country, still the fundamental fact remains that English is important. This statement is made as a matter of fact, and may be questioned, but no attempt will be made to argue the case or prove its truth. The only reason for making the statement is to give some justification and importance to the problems to which solutions are here sought

Electron Hop Funnel Measurements and Comparison with the Lorentz-2E Simulation

Electron hop funnels have been fabricated using a Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic (LTCC). Measurements of the hop funnel I-V curve and electron energy distribution have been made using gated field emitters as the electron source. The charged particle simulation Lorentz 2E has been used to model the hop funnel charging and to predict the I-V and energy characteristics. The results of this comparison indicate that the simulation can be used to design hop funnel structures for use in various applications

Early and Middle Wisconsinan Environments of Eastern Beringia: Stratigraphic and Paleoecological Implications of the Old Crow Tephra

The widespread Beringian Old Crow tephra occurs in Imuruk Lake (Alaska) core V, above the Blake paleomagnetic event and below Radiocarbon dates, which provide an extrapolated tephra age between 87 000 - 105 000 BP. Exposure KY-11 (Alaska), where the tephra occurs in a dated lacustrine sequence, provides corroboration. Fossil pollen records show that O.C.T. was deposited across northern Beringia on birch-shrub tundra vegetation during an interval of colder climate. A series of climatic oscillations followed tephra deposition. A prolonged period of cold-arid climate ( = marine isotope Stage 4) preceded an interval of warmer than present climate starting ca. 60 000 BP (beginning Stage 3). During this interval, designated the Koy-Yukon thermal event, an exposed Bering land bridge promoted an interglacial type climate that led to significant biotic changes and permafrost degradation. O.C.T. occurs on drift of the Mirror Creek Glaciation which is equivalent to other presumed Early Wisconsinan glaciations in Alaska and Yukon. These glaciations could not have occurred later than marine Stage 5. Stage 4 was fully as cold as Stage 2 (Late Wisconsinan), yet seems not to have been a time of extensive glaciation. The Middle Wisconsinan, 30 000 to more than 80 000 BP, was a nonglacial interval with several climate fluctuations, one of which, the Koy-Yukon thermal event, was warmer than at present.Le tephra de Old Crow, se manifeste, entre autres, au trou de forage V à Imuruk Lake, en Alaska. Puisqu'il se situe après l'inversion magnétique de Blake, mais au-delà de la portée des datations au radio-carbone, la date approximative de son dépôt doit se situer entre 87 000 et 105 000 BP. La coupe KY-11 (Alaska), où l'on trouve le tephra dans une séquence lacustre, appuie cette hypothèse. Les registres de pollen fossile démontrent que le tephra de Old Crow s'est déposé dans le nord de la Béringie dans un milieu de toundra arbustive à bouleau, au cours d'une période froide. Plusieurs oscillations climatiques se sont succédé par la suite. Une longue période de climat aride froid (phase isotopique océanique 4) a précédé un épisode au climat plus chaud que maintenant et qui a commencé vers 60 000 BP environ. Durant cet épisode (que l'on nomme ici Koy-Yukon), l'émergence du pont terrestre de Bering a contribué à l'avènement d'un climat de type interglaciaire, qui a provoqué des changements de type biotique importants et la dégradation du pergélisol. Le tephra de Old Crow surmonte des dépôts de la glaciation de Mirror Creek, qui correspond aux glaciations qui se sont produites en Alaska et au Yukon au cours du Wisconsinien inférieur. Ces glaciations n'ont pu avoir lieu après la phase isotopique 5. Pendant la phase 4, le climat était aussi froid que durant la phase 2 (Wisconsinien supérieur), mais il semble que cette période n'ait connu qu'un englacement limité. Il n'y a pas eu déglaciation pendant le Wisconsinien moyen (de 30 000 à plus de 80 000 BP), mais les fluctuations climatiques ont été nombreuses, dont l'épisode de Koy-Yukon.Das weitverbreitete Tephra von Old Crow, Beringia, findet man auch am Bohrioch V von Imuruk Lake (Alaska). Da es nach der Inversion von Blake und vor Radiokarbondatierungen liegt, mufi die annâhernde Zeit der Tephra-Ablagerung zwischen 87 000 -105 000 v.u.Z. Iiegen. Der Schnitt KY-11 (Alaska), wo das Tephra in einer datierten Seesediment-Folge vorkommt, bestâtigt diese Datierung. Belege von fossilem Pollen zeigen, daf3 Old Crow Tephra in Nord-Beringia in einem Milieu von Birken-Busch-Tundra wâhrend einer Période kàlteren Klimas abgelagert wurde. Auf die Tephra-Ablagerung folgte eine Série von Klima-Schwankungen. Eine lângere Période von kalttrockenem KIima ( = marine isotopische Phase 4) ging einer Phase, die warmer als das heutige Klima war und die etwa 60 000 v.u.Z. begann (Beginn der Phase 3) voraus. Wâhrend dieser Zeitphase. die das thermische Koy-Yukon genannt wird, bewirkte eine ausgesetzte Bering Land-Brucke ein Klima des interglazialen Typus, welches zu bedeutenden biotischen Verànderungen und Permafrost Abtragungen fuhrte. Old Crow Tephra findet sich uber den Ablagerungen der Mirror Creek Vereisung, welche anderen mutmaGlich frùhen Wisconsin Vereisungen in Alaska und Yukon entspricht. Diese Vereisungen kônnen nicht spâter als in der marinen Phase 5 stattgefunden haben. Die Phase 4 war so kalt wie die Phase 2 (spates Wisconsin), scheint jedoch keine Zeit extensiver Vereisung gewesen zu sein. Das mittlere Wisconsin, von 30 000 bis mehr als 80 000 v.u.Z., war eine nicht glaziale Zeitspanne mit gewissen Klima-Schwankungen, deren eine, das thermische Koy-Yukon. warmer als die Jetztzeit war