Descriptive characteristics of participants by gender (Mean ± SD).

<p>Descriptive characteristics of participants by gender (Mean ± SD).</p

Sex-specific percentiles of appendicular lean mass index (kg m^-2) measured with DXA.

<p>Sex-specific percentiles of appendicular lean mass index (kg m^-2) measured with DXA.</p

Reference standards for lean mass measures using GE dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in Caucasian adults

<div><p>Body composition assessments commonly focus predominantly on fat mass, however lean mass (LM) measurements also provide useful information regarding clinical and nutritional status. LM measurements help predict health outcomes and diagnose sarcopenia, which has been associated with frailty. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is an established technique used in clinical and research settings to assess body composition including total and regional LM. Currently, there are no reference values available that were derived from GE-Healthcare DXA systems directly for US adults for LM, LM index (LMI), percent LM (%LM), and appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) and it is known that whole-body and regional LM measures differ by DXA manufacturer.</p><p>Objective</p><p>To develop reference values by age and sex for LM measures using GE-Healthcare DXA systems.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A de-identified sample was obtained from Ball State University’s Clinical Exercise Physiology Laboratory and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee’s Physical Activity & Health Research Laboratory. DXA scans of 2,076 women and 1,251 men were completed using a GE Lunar Prodigy or iDXA. Percentiles (%ile) were calculated for all variables of interest (LM, LMI, %LM, and ALMI) and a factorial ANOVA was used to assess differences for each variable between 10-year age groups and sex, as well as the interaction between age and sex.</p><p>Results</p><p>Men had higher mean total LM, %LM, LMI, and ALMI than women (p<0.01), across all age groups. All LM variables decreased significantly over the 5 decades in men, however in women only total LM, %LM, and ALMI decreased from the youngest to oldest age groups (p<0.01).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>These reference values provide for a more accurate interpretation of GE-Healthcare DXA-derived LM measurements offering clinicians and researchers with an initial resource to aid in the early detection and assessment of LM deficits.</p></div

Sex-specific percentiles of total lean body mass (kg) measured with DXA.

<p>Sex-specific percentiles of total lean body mass (kg) measured with DXA.</p

Sex-specific percentiles of lean mass index (kg m^-2) measured with DXA.

<p>Sex-specific percentiles of lean mass index (kg m^-2) measured with DXA.</p

Impact of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on All-Cause and Disease-Specific Mortality: Advances Since 2009

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been one of the most widely examined physiological variables, particularly as it relates to functional capacity and human performance. Over the past three decades, CRF has emerged as a strong, independent predictor of all-cause and disease-specific mortality. The evidence supporting the prognostic use of CRF is so powerful that the American Heart Association recently advocated for the routine assessment of CRF as a clinical vital sign. Interestingly, the continuity of evidence of the inverse relationship between CRF and mortality over the past decade exists despite a wide variation of methods used to assess CRF in these studies, ranging from the gold-standard method of directly measured maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing to estimation from exercise tests and non-exercise prediction equations. This review highlights new knowledge and the primary advances since 2009, with specific reference to the impact variations in CRF have on all-cause and disease-specific mortality. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Reference standards for body fat measures using GE dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in Caucasian adults

<div><p>Background</p><p>Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is an established technique for the measurement of body composition. Reference values for these variables, particularly those related to fat mass, are necessary for interpretation and accurate classification of those at risk for obesity-related health complications and in need of lifestyle modifications (diet, physical activity, etc.). Currently, there are no reference values available for GE-Healthcare DXA systems and it is known that whole-body and regional fat mass measures differ by DXA manufacturer.</p><p>Objective</p><p>To develop reference values by age and sex for DXA-derived fat mass measurements with GE-Healthcare systems.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A de-identified sample of 3,327 participants (2,076 women, 1,251 men) was obtained from Ball State University’s Clinical Exercise Physiology Laboratory and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee’s Physical Activity & Health Research Laboratory. All scans were completed using a GE Lunar Prodigy or iDXA and data reported included percent body fat (¿), fat mass index (FMI), and ratios of android-to-gynoid (A/G), trunk/limb, and trunk/leg fat measurements. Percentiles were calculated and a factorial ANOVA was used to determine differences in the mean values for each variable between age and sex.</p><p>Results</p><p>Normative reference values for fat mass variables from DXA measurements obtained from GE-Healthcare DXA systems are presented as percentiles for both women and men in 10-year age groups. Women had higher (p<0.01) mean ¿ and FMI than men, whereas men had higher (p<0.01) mean ratios of A/G, trunk/limb, and trunk/leg fat measurements than women.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>These reference values provide clinicians and researchers with a resource for interpretation of DXA-derived fat mass measurements specific to use with GE-Healthcare DXA systems.</p></div

Sex-specific percentiles of body fat percent (%) measured with DXA.

<p>Sex-specific percentiles of body fat percent (%) measured with DXA.</p

Sex-specific percentiles of Fat Mass Index (kg·m⁻²) measured with DXA.

<p>Sex-specific percentiles of Fat Mass Index (kg·m⁻²) measured with DXA.</p

Sex-specific percentiles of Trunk-to-Leg Ratio measured with DXA.

<p>Sex-specific percentiles of Trunk-to-Leg Ratio measured with DXA.</p