Different Ideas of the City: Origins of Metropolitan Land-Use Regimes in the United States, Germany, and Switzerland

This Note argues that national regimes of land-use regulation-the whole body of a country\u27s institutions, laws, and jurisprudence that regulates building and development-can be understood only in the context of distinct political and legal regimes. National land-use regimes do not arise in response to universal laws of the market that exert the same influence at any location on the planet. Rather, land-use regimes differ from country to country. They are embedded in a complex, historically developing framework of ideology, law, and culture. If land-use controls regulate the physical shape of the communities we live in, then it is history itself that regulates what kind of community we view as wholesome, normal, and desirable-our ideas of what the city and the good city mean

Information marginalization among young adult gay and bisexual men seeking mental healthcare

Research Aims. Gay and bisexual men are underserved in mental health care with disparities in meeting mental healthcare needs compared to straight men. This study seeks to understand the mental health information behaviours and practices of young adult gay and bisexual men. Significance. By examining how information marginalization occurs within this context, we can explore ways that socio-technical processes place young adult gay and bisexual men in information margins. Methods, results, and discussion. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 individuals to understand their experiences searching for mental health care. There are similarities to what we already know about information marginalization, including lack of access to information, lack of trustworthy information sources, information being withheld, overload and satisficing, income inequality, and diversity. However, there are also differences such as the way satisficing occurs, secrecy, homophily, and the need to build trust with the provider. Recommendations. Information systems must increase the visibility of relevant information to young gay and bisexual men. Conclusions. This study begins to highlight the similarities and differences within this unique population to the theory of information marginalization and demonstrates its potential transferability.Peer Reviewe

Zwischen Liberalisierung und Restriktion: Entwicklungen der russischen Migrationspolitik

Obwohl die Russische Föderation von Vielen im Westen als ein Emigrationsland wahrgenommen wird, hat es seit der Unabhängigkeit 1991 eine beträchtliche Immigration nach Russland gegeben, meist aus anderen ehemaligen Sowjetrepubliken. Darüber hinaus hat das Land auch eine erhebliche Binnenmigration erfahren. Diese Migrationsprozesse haben die Größe und die ethnische Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung Russlands sowie deren Verteilung über die Regionen verändert. Die Politik zur Steuerung der Migration hat sich von dem äußerst strikt reglementierten System der Sowjetunion fortbewegt, ohne eine vollkommene Liberalisierung zu erreichen. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Gründe für diese Entwicklung der Migrationspolitik, unter anderem die Weigerung des russischen Staates, Migrationsrechte voll durchzusetzen, die Unterordnung der Migrationspolitik unter geopolitische Ziele und die rhetorische Festlegung auf einen ethnisch russischen Nationalismus. Der jüngste politische Wandel deutet auf eine Bewegung hin zu einer größeren Steuerung der Auswanderung russischer Staatsangehöriger und der Annahme anderer Staatsangehörigkeiten. Darüber hinaus verknüpft die staatliche Politik Migrationsrechte mit einer politischen und wirtschaftlichen Integration zwischen Russland und anderen postsowjetischen Staaten

Arousal imagery effects on competitive state anxiety and performance of the soccer penalty kick

Study participants: 2 soccer teams in Northwestern Ontario (age 13-18 years).Some athletes perceive competitive state anxiety as unhelpful and negative to performance while it energizes and excites others. Perceptions o f anxiety affect motor performance, consequently it is important to develop strategies which are able to modify athletes negative perceptions. Imagery is used as a common intervention for preparing athletes for performance. Its motivational function refers to images related to physiological and emotional arousal. Most imagery research has primarily been implemented for skill development/learning of motor skills, and has not investigated the effects o f motivational arousal imagery on competitive state anxiety. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of an 8 week imagery intervention based on the motivation general arousal element of Paivio’s (1985) analytical framework of imagery effects in: (a) modifying perceptions of anxiety from negative to positive, and (b) improving performance o f the penalty kick. Using a treatment (imagery) and no treatment (no imagery) design, two male and two female representative youth soccer teams (N = 46) completed a modified version o f the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2D) five minutes before taking five penalty kicks. The CSAI-2D assesses both intensity and direction (debilitative-facilitative) of the state anxiety response. Participants (n = 28) who reported debilitative state anxiety as indicated by the CSAI-2D were then allocated to imagery (n = 14) and no imagery (n = 14) groups Debilitative state anxiety was assessed using CSAI-2D directional scores. Individuals who scored less than 36 on cognitive or somatic directional scales were considered debilitative. Following the 8 week intervention participants were again assessed on penalty kick performance. Two-way analysis of variance (Group x Time) with repeated measures on the second factor revealed no significant interactions for cognitive anxiety; somatic anxiety; or self-confidence intensity and direction subscales. Main effects were revealed for cognitive anxiety direction (E(i,27) = 6.68, p < .05) and self-confidence intensity (E(i,27) = 4.54, p < .05). The analysis was unable to demonstrate performance effects arising from imagery or no imagery exposure. This study indicates that using motivational arousal imagery may not be a compatible treatment for restructuring negative interpretations of state anxiety towards taking soccer penalty kicks

Feasibility of Electromyography-Triggered Neuromuscular Stimulation as an Adjunct to Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this case report is to explore the feasibility of electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation (EMG-stim) as an adjunct to constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). Case Description. The patient was a 72-year-old man, 10 years poststroke, who did not meet traditional CIMT criteria. The EMG-stim was applied to the wrist extensors of the patient\u27s weaker arm for one half of the CIMT training hours. Outcomes. The intervention was feasible for this individual. Improvements were observed in motor behavior, quality and amount of use, muscle activity, wrist range of motion, and reaction time of the more-affected extremity. These improvements were paralleled by a change in the size and location of the extensor digitorum communis muscle representation in the primary motor cortex, as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping. Discussion. These changes suggest that using EMG-stim as an adjunct to CIMT should be further investigated in individuals who have low functional abilities following stroke

Enrollment and Assessment of a First-Year College Class Social Network for a Controlled Trial of the Indirect Effect of a Brief Motivational Intervention

Heavy drinking and its consequences among college students represent a serious public health problem, and peer social networks are a robust predictor of drinking-related risk behaviors. In a recent trial, we administered a Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) to a small number of first-year college students to assess the indirect effects of the intervention on peers not receiving the intervention. Objectives: To present the research design, describe the methods used to successfully enroll a high proportion of a first-year college class network, and document participant characteristics. Methods: Prior to study enrollment, we consulted with a student advisory group and campus stakeholders to aid in the development of study-related procedures. Enrollment and baseline procedures were completed in the first six weeks of the academic semester. Surveys assessed demographics, alcohol use, and social network ties. Individuals were assigned to a BMI or control group according to their dormitory location. Results: The majority of incoming first-year students (1342/1660; 81%) were enrolled (55% female, 52% nonwhite, mean age 18.6 [SD = 0.51]). Differences between the intervention and control group were noted in alcohol use, but were in large part a function of there being more substance-free dormitory floors in the control group. Conclusions: The current study was successful in enrolling a large proportion of a first-year college class and can serve as a template for social network investigations