Instrument wetting errors in hurricanes and a re-examination of inner-core thermodynamics

August 1999.Also issued as author's thesis (M.S.) -- Colorado State University, 1999.NSF ATM-9616818 and NOAA/CIRA NA67RJ0152 on cover.Includes bibliographical references.Thermodynamic errors caused by instrument wetting are thoroughly examined and are accurately removed from 579 radial legs of aircraft flight-level data in 27 hurricanes. Similar to previous studies, a radiometer is used to provide accurate temperatures in clouds and precipitation where immersion thermometers and cooled-mirror hygrometers typically experience large errors induced by instrument wetting. Theoretical temperature errors caused by the presence of hydrometeors in the sampled air are reviewed and discussed for each instrument. A correction method is developed to remove a time-dependent bias from the radiometer temperatures using data in clear air and adjust supersaturated dew points to the equivalent of 99 percent relative humidity. In contrast to previous studies, clear air is defined using dew point depression and aircraft roll rather than the absence of liquid water. The resulting radiometer temperatures and adjusted dew points are shown to be free of instrument wetting errors and accurate. Instrument wetting locations (IWL) are identified in roughly 50 percent of the radial legs, but are more frequent in intense (Category 3, 4, and 5) hurricanes than in minimal (Category 1 and 2) hurricanes and were comprised of larger temperature errors. The maximum temperature error, liquid water content, and radial extent of each IWL is highly variable, but the majority of IWL are located in cloudy updrafts associated with eyewall and rainband<l convection, and extend less than 15 km radially. Theoretical temperature errors are rarely achieved, however, average IWL temperature errors are significant and range with height from 1.0 to 4.5°C. The temperature errors, combined with average specific humidity (q) errors ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 g kg-1, result in virtual temperature (Tv) errors ranging from 1.5 to 5.0°C and equivalent potential temperature (Oe) errors ranging from 5 to 11 K. In the eyewall average temperature and specific humidity errors range with height from 0.5 - 2.0°C and 0.5 - 1.0 g kg-1 respectively. Errors of such magnitudes can have a significant effect upon thermodynamic calculations in a near convection. Various aspects of hurricane thermodynamics are thus re-examined. Radial composites about the eyewall Radius of Maximum Updraft (RMU) indicate that after instrument wetting errors are removed: the eyewall temperature is equivalent to 50-70 percent of the total anomaly observed from the environment; specific humidity maxima are located in the eyewall but are nearly equivalent to values in the eye; and eyewall Oe is 0-5 K lower than values in the eye. The composite eyewall is shown to be moist-adiabatic with height to a first approximation and better represented by pseudo-adiabatic, rather than reversible, ascent. Average eyewall Oe for minimal and intense hurricanes are 351 K and 360 K respectively, with maximum values near 385 K. Instrument wetting errors are shown to significantly affect calculations of thermal wind balance. Finally, surface temperatures and pressures are estimated beneath the eyewall. The ratio of eyewall surface pressure to minimum central pressure is 1.02 on average. The estimated average air-sea temperature difference (SST-Ta) beneath nearly-saturated eyewalls is 2°C with maximum values near 5°C. However, the air-sea temperature difference tends to decrease toward 1°C as hurricane intensity increases

Evaluating the Feasibility and Acceptability of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Rural Women

Background: Insomnia, one of the most common sleep disorders among women in midlife, is associated with multiple negative health outcomes. Rural Appalachian women are disproportionately affected by insufficient sleep, but their barriers to care (e.g., health care shortages, cultural norms) may prevent intervention. This study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of Sleep Healthy Using the Internet (SHUTi) an Internet-based version of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in Appalachian women ages 45+ years. Materials and Methods: We used mixed methods to assess feasibility (through summaries of recruitment and retention data) and acceptability (quantitatively through online survey scales and qualitatively through interviews). Subject-level responses for satisfaction, adherence, and helpfulness scales were averaged over the multiple response domains and reported as percentages. Interviews were transcribed and coded using a multistage coding process. Results: Forty-six women (average age 55 years) enrolled; 38 completed the SHUTi program (retention = 82.6%). The majority of participants (61%) indicated that SHUTi made things “somewhat better” or “a lot better.” Seventy-six percent reported that they followed the SHUTi protocol “most of the time” or “consistently.” Most participants (84%) ranked SHUTi as “moderately” or “very” helpful. Participants expressed enthusiasm about SHUTi and offered minor suggestions for improvement. Conclusions: This study was the first to asses SHUTi in the health disparity population of Appalachian women. Rich insights gained through quantitative and qualitative data suggest that SHUTi was feasible and acceptable for middle-aged Appalachian women. Given rural Appalachian women\u27s documented barriers to utilizing technology, these results hold promise for SHUTi\u27s utility in other rural populations. Future research should incorporate a randomized case–control design within a larger sample and consider participants\u27 suggestions for improvement

Modeling Pauli measurements on graph states with nearest-neighbor classical communication

We propose a communication-assisted local-hidden-variable model that yields the correct outcome for the measurement of any product of Pauli operators on an arbitrary graph state, i.e., that yields the correct global correlation among the individual measurements in the Pauli product. Within this model, communication is restricted to a single round of message passing between adjacent nodes of the graph. We show that any model sharing some general properties with our own is incapable, for at least some graph states, of reproducing the expected correlations among all subsets of the individual measurements. The ability to reproduce all such correlations is found to depend on both the communication distance and the symmetries of the communication protocol.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures. Version 2 significantly revised. Now includes a site-invariant protocol for linear chains and a proof that no limited communication protocol can correctly predict all quantum correlations for ring

Graphical description of the action of Clifford operators on stabilizer states

We introduce a graphical representation of stabilizer states and translate the action of Clifford operators on stabilizer states into graph operations on the corresponding stabilizer-state graphs. Our stabilizer graphs are constructed of solid and hollow nodes, with (undirected) edges between nodes and with loops and signs attached to individual nodes. We find that local Clifford transformations are completely described in terms of local complementation on nodes and along edges, loop complementation, and change of node type or sign. Additionally, we show that a small set of equivalence rules generates all graphs corresponding to a given stabilizer state; we do this by constructing an efficient procedure for testing the equality of any two stabilizer graphs.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures. Version 2 contains significant changes. Submitted to PR

Sports Spectators' Suspense: Affect and Uncertainty in Sports Entertainment

El Suspenso de los Espectadores de Deportes: El Afecto y la Inseguridad en el Entretenimiento de los Deportes Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick1, Prabu David1, Matt Eastin2,Ronald Tamborini3, & Dara Greenwood4ResumenPara explicar la atracción a los deportes en los medios, la teoría de suspenso es extendida para predecir el suspenso durante la exposición a los deportes. Los espectadores de juego de fútbol de una universidad (n = 113) en un contexto de rivalidad reportaron sus respuestas al juego durante los cortes comerciales. Un análisis multinivel de datos longitudinales muestra que los cambios positivos y negativos del afecto influenciaron el suspenso de los hinchas de ambos equipos. Asimismo, las disposiciones afectivas (arraigadas en el equipo) emergieron como precondición para el mayor suspenso, a pesar de la preferencia por el equipo, aún cuando el compromiso habitual de los fans no afectó el suspenso. Las predicciones acerca del incremento del suspenso debido a la baja inseguridad de la Victoria del grupo favorito y debido a la diferencia menor en el resultado fueron corroborados solamente por los hinchas del equipo ganador.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78673/1/j.1460-2466.2009.01456.x.pd

Comparison of an ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer against a conventional sprayer, for foliar fertiliser and fungicide applications in turfgrass

Two field studies (I and II) at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln: John Seaton Anderson Turfgrass Research Facility near Mead, NE, USA, were conducted to determine if a new ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer can apply foliar nutrient, growth regulator, and fungicide treatments, in a manner similar to that of a conventional sprayer. Treatments were applied over creeping bentgrass ‘L-93’ (Agrostis stolonifera L.) managed as a fairway at 561 l · ha−1 and 47 l · ha−1 with the conventional and ULV sprayer, respectfully. Data were collected for chlorophyll content with a chlorophyll meter, and for the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) with a turf colour meter. Each plot was harvested for biomass at 21 days after treatment. Study II compared the ULV sprayer and a conventional sprayer, for the control of brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) in creeping bentgrass. The treatments were propiconazole and azoxystrobin. Spray volume was 561 l · ha−1 for the conventional sprayer, and 19 l · ha−1 for the ULV sprayer. Statistical differences in turf quality or dry weight reductions between the conventional and ULV sprayer were not detected. Brown patch control was also similar between the two sprayers, but azoxystrobin provided better control than propiconazole. Even with a 30-fold decrease in application volume, the results indicated that the Kamterter ULV sprayer may be a useful and effective management option for foliar fertiliser and fungicide applications in turfgrass

Comparison of an ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer against a conventional sprayer, for foliar fertiliser and fungicide applications in turfgrass

Two field studies (I and II) at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln: John Seaton Anderson Turfgrass Research Facility near Mead, NE, USA, were conducted to determine if a new ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer can apply foliar nutrient, growth regulator, and fungicide treatments, in a manner similar to that of a conventional sprayer. Treatments were applied over creeping bentgrass ‘L-93’ (Agrostis stolonifera L.) managed as a fairway at 561 l · ha−1 and 47 l · ha−1 with the conventional and ULV sprayer, respectfully. Data were collected for chlorophyll content with a chlorophyll meter, and for the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) with a turf colour meter. Each plot was harvested for biomass at 21 days after treatment. Study II compared the ULV sprayer and a conventional sprayer, for the control of brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) in creeping bentgrass. The treatments were propiconazole and azoxystrobin. Spray volume was 561 l · ha−1 for the conventional sprayer, and 19 l · ha−1 for the ULV sprayer. Statistical differences in turf quality or dry weight reductions between the conventional and ULV sprayer were not detected. Brown patch control was also similar between the two sprayers, but azoxystrobin provided better control than propiconazole. Even with a 30-fold decrease in application volume, the results indicated that the Kamterter ULV sprayer may be a useful and effective management option for foliar fertiliser and fungicide applications in turfgrass

Toward a Cognitive Developmental Approach to Youth Perceptions of Credibility

Part of the Volume on Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility This chapter discusses children's cognitive development and how it impacts their ability to process information encountered online. Specifically, how children evaluate information in the digital world, and how contemporary media interactions are dynamically different than those with previous media are explored. One conclusion is that the Web constitutes a demanding information processing environment that must be considered when trying to understand credibility assessment among youth audiences

“Whispers from the Wrist”: Wearable Health Monitoring Devices and Privacy Regulations in the U.S.: The Loopholes, the Challenges, and the Opportunities

The growth of wearable technology has enabled the collection of even more personalized information on individuals. New health-related devices marketed to consumers collect health information that might not fall under the traditional category of Protected Health Information, and thus, HIPAA protections do not fully apply. Meaning, commercial wearable health devices do not fall under FDA oversight, and data not paired with a doctor–patient relationship do not fall under HIPAA privacy protection; thus, much of the gathered health-related metrics are left without regulation and open to be sold to data brokers. As such, these data can be leveraged by health insurance, law enforcement, and employers, to name a few. This manuscript explores the loopholes in current regulations and suggests a framework that categorizes wearable data and addresses challenges in data transfer. Furthermore, taking a user perspective, the suggested framework offers solutions that aim to guide users and policymakers in navigating privacy issues in wearable technology