In principio era l’azione. verso una definizione enattiva dello schema corporeo

Representing our body has a pivotal role in our experience of the external world. The point, however, is that the corporeity is too much complex to be depicted in a unique framework. Accordingly, authors from both scientific and philosophical literature of the last century share the idea that at least two different bodily representations exist, namely the body schema and the body image. Unfortunately, because of the absence of clear definitions, these two representations have often been treated in an interchangeable way, thus engendering a great confusion in literature. The main attempt to solve such a confusion is provided by Shaun Gallagher’s argument about the conceptual nature of the dualism between body schema and body image. The problem thus is not just a matter of terminology, on the contrary body schema and body image are conceptually different, because they represent different aspects of the body by referring to different processes. Under this aspect Gallagher’s solution is totally convincing, but there exist reasons – theoretical as well as empirical – to assume that the criteria indicated are not consistent. More precisely, in this dissertation we are going to focus our attention on the contribution coming from the field of neuroscience. As a consequence, the standard notion of body schema as postural schema finalized to the accomplishment of movement must be replaced by a new notion of body schema related to the capacity of performing actions

Incidence and Predictors of Infections and All-Cause Death in Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: The Italian Nationwide RI-AIAC Registry

The incidence of infections associated with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) and patient outcomes are not fully known. To provide a contemporary assessment of the risk of CIEDs infection and associated clinical outcomes. In Italy, 18 centres enrolled all consecutive patients undergoing a CIED procedure and entered a 12-months follow-up. CIED infections, as well as a composite clinical event of infection or all-cause death were recorded. A total of 2675 patients (64.3% male, age 78 (70-84)) were enrolled. During follow up 28 (1.1%) CIED infections and 132 (5%) deaths, with 152 (5.7%) composite clinical events were observed. At a multivariate analysis, the type of procedure (revision/upgrading/reimplantation) (OR: 4.08, 95% CI: 1.38-12.08) and diabetes (OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.02-4.84) were found as main clinical factors associated to CIED infection. Both the PADIT score and the RI-AIAC Infection score were significantly associated with CIED infections, with the RI-AIAC infection score showing the strongest association (OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.60-3.55 for each point), with a c-index = 0.64 (0.52-0.75), p = 0.015. Regarding the occurrence of composite clinical events, the Kolek score, the Shariff score and the RI-AIAC Event score all predicted the outcome, with an AUC for the RI-AIAC Event score equal to 0.67 (0.63-0.71) p < 0.001. In this Italian nationwide cohort of patients, while the incidence of CIED infections was substantially low, the rate of the composite clinical outcome of infection or all-cause death was quite high and associated with several clinical factors depicting a more impaired clinical status

The Multiple Pathways Model of Visual System. A Review

Although seeing is commonly experienced as a unitary activity, the scientific description of vision resists such an intuitive account. Both psychologists and neuroscientists are in agreement with the idea that the elaboration of visual information is distributed across several different routes provided with different functions. Importantly, these routes can be mapped onto well-identified anatomical subdivision of the visual system. Crucially, although originally based on the assumption that different visual information are elaborated via different neural channels, such a model is nowadays used as a tool for indicating a common neural basis between action and perception. The present review is aimed at providing a description of how the modular model of visual system has developed from a model where action and perception are considered as segregate to a model where action and perception are considered ass two labels of the same concept

An innovative sustainable solution for toilets without water consumption. The University of Bologna Blue Team for the Terra Preta Sanitation System International Competition.

Sanitation is a social issue that still has to be fulfilled in some parts of the world. Current water-based sanitation systems, as implemented in earlier industrialized countries, are on one side insufficiently accessible by the emerging countries and on the other side environmentally inefficient. The present project aims at delivering a competitive and comprehensive solution by integrating an innovative sustainable toilets' design, excreta storage, transportation and transformation into fertile soil enabling a complete recovery of the nutrients. A logistic-based optimisation was implemented for minimisation of the impact on the environment, the economy and the society. The reduction in water and energy consumption will allow natural resources savings. The exploitation of excreta to fertilize the soil will avoid the waste of nutrients and carbon and generate a new business. The complex and costly infrastructure of the traditional sanitation systems will be reduced. The proposed system will improve health conditions and quality of life in emerging countries and contribute to find new urban solutions, increasing functionality and efficiency in the earlier industrialized ones. The project is carried on by the University of Bologna Blue Team (UB Team) founded by a group of students and members of the teaching staff. The UB Team is participating to the \u201cTerra Preta Sanitation System International Competition\u201d that has been proposed by the Technische Universitaet of Berlin

Prognostic Factors of Non-Predominant-Lepidic Lung Adenocarcinoma Presenting as Ground Glass Opacity: Results of a Multicenter Study

This study aims to define the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of non-predominant lepidic invasive adenocarcinoma presenting as Ground Glass Opacity (GGO) nodules. The goal is to assess statistical relationships between histology, tumor size, location, and the incidence of relapse and lymph node dissemination. A retrospective multicenter study was conducted, including patients with GGO observed on CT scans between 2003 and 2021. Anamnestic, radiological, and histological data, as well as SUV values, lymphatic and vascular invasion, pathological stage, resection type, and adjuvant treatment, were analyzed. The primary endpoints were to evaluate prognostic factors for death and recurrence using Cox regression analysis. All 388 patients, including 277 with non-predominant lepidic invasive adenocarcinoma and 161 with lepidic adenocarcinoma, underwent curative anatomical resection. Non-predominant lepidic invasive adenocarcinoma demonstrated a worse prognosis than lepidic adenocarcinoma (p = 0.001). Independent prognostic factors for death and recurrence included lymph node involvement (p = 0.002) and vascular and lymphatic invasion (p < 0.001). In conclusion, non-predominant lepidic invasive adenocarcinoma and lymphatic and vascular invasion are prognostic factors for death and recurrence in GGO patients. Results suggest adjuvant treatment in the case of pN1-N2 disease, emphasizing the necessity of lymphadenectomy (sampling or systematic) for accurate staging and subsequent therapeutic procedures

Factors influencing liberation from mechanical ventilation in coronavirus disease 2019: multicenter observational study in fifteen Italian ICUs

Background: A large proportion of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develop severe respiratory failure requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and about 80% of them need mechanical ventilation (MV). These patients show great complexity due to multiple organ involvement and a dynamic evolution over time; moreover, few information is available about the risk factors that may contribute to increase the time course of mechanical ventilation. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the risk factors associated with the inability to liberate COVID-19 patients from mechanical ventilation. Due to the complex evolution of the disease, we analyzed both pulmonary variables and occurrence of non-pulmonary complications during mechanical ventilation. The secondary objective of this study was the evaluation of risk factors for ICU mortality. Methods: This multicenter prospective observational study enrolled 391 patients from fifteen COVID-19 dedicated Italian ICUs which underwent invasive mechanical ventilation for COVID-19 pneumonia. Clinical and laboratory data, ventilator parameters, occurrence of organ dysfunction, and outcome were recorded. The primary outcome measure was 28 days ventilator-free days and the liberation from MV at 28 days was studied by performing a competing risks regression model on data, according to the method of Fine and Gray; the event death was considered as a competing risk. Results: Liberation from mechanical ventilation was achieved in 53.2% of the patients (208/391). Competing risks analysis, considering death as a competing event, demonstrated a decreased sub-hazard ratio for liberation from mechanical ventilation (MV) with increasing age and SOFA score at ICU admission, low values of PaO2/FiO2 ratio during the first 5 days of MV, respiratory system compliance (CRS) lower than 40 mL/cmH2O during the first 5 days of MV, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and cardiovascular complications. ICU mortality during the observation period was 36.1% (141/391). Similar results were obtained by the multivariate logistic regression analysis using mortality as a dependent variable. Conclusions: Age, SOFA score at ICU admission, CRS, PaO2/FiO2, renal and cardiovascular complications, and late-onset VAP were all independent risk factors for prolonged mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19. Trial registration: NCT04411459

Sustained oxygenation improvement after first prone positioning is associated with liberation from mechanical ventilation and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a cohort study

none95noBackground: Prone positioning (PP) has been used to improve oxygenation in patients affected by the SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19). Several mechanisms, including lung recruitment and better lung ventilation/perfusion matching, make a relevant rational for using PP. However, not all patients maintain the oxygenation improvement after returning to supine position. Nevertheless, no evidence exists that a sustained oxygenation response after PP is associated to outcome in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. We analyzed data from 191 patients affected by COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome undergoing PP for clinical reasons. Clinical history, severity scores and respiratory mechanics were analyzed. Patients were classified as responders (≥ median PaO2/FiO2 variation) or non-responders (&lt; median PaO2/FiO2 variation) based on the PaO2/FiO2 percentage change between pre-proning and 1 to 3&nbsp;h after re-supination in the first prone positioning session. Differences among the groups in physiological variables, complication rates and outcome were evaluated. A competing risk regression analysis was conducted to evaluate if PaO2/FiO2 response after the first pronation cycle was associated to liberation from mechanical ventilation. Results: The median PaO2/FiO2 variation after the first PP cycle was 49 [19–100%] and no differences were found in demographics, comorbidities, ventilatory treatment and PaO2/FiO2 before PP between responders (96/191) and non-responders (95/191). Despite no differences in ICU length of stay, non-responders had a higher rate of tracheostomy (70.5% vs 47.9, P = 0.008) and mortality (53.7% vs 33.3%, P = 0.006), as compared to responders. Moreover, oxygenation response after the first PP was independently associated to liberation from mechanical ventilation at 28&nbsp;days and was increasingly higher being higher the oxygenation response to PP. Conclusions: Sustained oxygenation improvement after first PP session is independently associated to improved survival and reduced duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill COVID-19 patients.noneScaramuzzo G.; Gamberini L.; Tonetti T.; Zani G.; Ottaviani I.; Mazzoli C.A.; Capozzi C.; Giampalma E.; Bacchi Reggiani M.L.; Bertellini E.; Castelli A.; Cavalli I.; Colombo D.; Crimaldi F.; Damiani F.; Fusari M.; Gamberini E.; Gordini G.; Laici C.; Lanza M.C.; Leo M.; Marudi A.; Nardi G.; Papa R.; Potalivo A.; Russo E.; Taddei S.; Consales G.; Cappellini I.; Ranieri V.M.; Volta C.A.; Guerin C.; Spadaro S.; Tartaglione M.; Chiarini V.; Buldini V.; Coniglio C.; Moro F.; Barbalace C.; Citino M.; Cilloni N.; Giuntoli L.; Bellocchio A.; Matteo E.; Pizzilli G.; Siniscalchi A.; Tartivita C.; Matteo F.; Marchio A.; Bacchilega I.; Bernabe L.; Guarino S.; Mosconi E.; Bissoni L.; Viola L.; Meconi T.; Pavoni V.; Pagni A.; Pompa Cleta P.; Cavagnino M.; Malfatto A.; Adduci A.; Pareschi S.; Melegari G.; Maccieri J.; Marinangeli E.; Racca F.; Verri M.; Falo G.; Marangoni E.; Boni F.; Felloni G.; Baccarini F.D.; Terzitta M.; Maitan S.; Becherucci F.; Parise M.; Masoni F.; Imbriani M.; Orlandi P.; Monetti F.; Dalpiaz G.; Golfieri R.; Ciccarese F.; Poerio A.; Muratore F.; Ferrari F.; Mughetti M.; Franchini L.; Neziri E.; Miceli M.; Minguzzi M.T.; Mellini L.; Piciucchi S.; Bartolucci M.Scaramuzzo G.; Gamberini L.; Tonetti T.; Zani G.; Ottaviani I.; Mazzoli C.A.; Capozzi C.; Giampalma E.; Bacchi Reggiani M.L.; Bertellini E.; Castelli A.; Cavalli I.; Colombo D.; Crimaldi F.; Damiani F.; Fusari M.; Gamberini E.; Gordini G.; Laici C.; Lanza M.C.; Leo M.; Marudi A.; Nardi G.; Papa R.; Potalivo A.; Russo E.; Taddei S.; Consales G.; Cappellini I.; Ranieri V.M.; Volta C.A.; Guerin C.; Spadaro S.; Tartaglione M.; Chiarini V.; Buldini V.; Coniglio C.; Moro F.; Barbalace C.; Citino M.; Cilloni N.; Giuntoli L.; Bellocchio A.; Matteo E.; Pizzilli G.; Siniscalchi A.; Tartivita C.; Matteo F.; Marchio A.; Bacchilega I.; Bernabe L.; Guarino S.; Mosconi E.; Bissoni L.; Viola L.; Meconi T.; Pavoni V.; Pagni A.; Pompa Cleta P.; Cavagnino M.; Malfatto A.; Adduci A.; Pareschi S.; Melegari G.; Maccieri J.; Marinangeli E.; Racca F.; Verri M.; Falo G.; Marangoni E.; Boni F.; Felloni G.; Baccarini F.D.; Terzitta M.; Maitan S.; Becherucci F.; Parise M.; Masoni F.; Imbriani M.; Orlandi P.; Monetti F.; Dalpiaz G.; Golfieri R.; Ciccarese F.; Poerio A.; Muratore F.; Ferrari F.; Mughetti M.; Franchini L.; Neziri E.; Miceli M.; Minguzzi M.T.; Mellini L.; Piciucchi S.; Bartolucci M