Tumor markers in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is a clinical entity of a persistent relevance in clinical practice and its early diagnosis is a determinant factor to obtain better therapeutic results. Tumor markers are helpful means for a better approach to individuals with such neoplasm. In the present review, the authors analyze the phases in which surgical-clinical treatment markers must be used: diagnosis, determination of tumor stage, establishment of prognosis and detection of recurrence. Current and future markers and the consensus on their use are discussed. Causal factors for errors in diagnosis with markers and perspectives of use are also presented.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Disciplina de Gastroenterologia CirúrgicaUNIFESP, EPM, Disciplina de Gastroenterologia CirúrgicaSciEL

Handsewn or stapled colorectal anastomosis? Or how evidence based is surgical practice?

Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESPSciEL

Unsuspected colon adenocarcinoma revealed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A particularly rapid and fatal outcome has been noted in cases of malignant soft-tissue metastases occurring after cancer surgery. Abdominal wall metastases occurring in scars after laparotomy for cancer resection show a similar poor outcome. On the other hand, neoplasm seeding at trocar sites after laparoscopy has been reported with an increasing frequency. A case is presented of a 68-years-old woman with metastatic seeding of non-diagnosed colon cancer at the umbilical trocar site used for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The gallbladder was extracted through the umbilical incision. Pathological examination confirmed chronic cholecystitis. Eight months latter, the patient was seen with a tender umbilical mass protruded through a 4,5 cm the umbilical incision site. Biopsies of this tissue were taken and histopathological examination showed metastatic adenocarcinoma, probably of a gastrointestinal origin. A colonoscopy performed at the same time revealed a 2-cm lesion at the hepatic flexur which was shown to be a differentiated adenocarcinoma. An 8.0 x 6.0 x 6.0-cm pelvic mass without signs of liver metastases was identified by computerised tomography. Diagnostic laparoscopy showed a diffuse peritoneal carcinomatosis. The pelvis could not be approached, except for simple biopsy, and no surgical procedure was performed. It is presumed that the primary colon cancer existed prior to cholecystectomy. Laparoscopy is the procedure of choice to perform cholecystectomy and fundoplication. It has also been increasingly used to diagnose, resect and perform the staging of malignant tumours. As in any relatively new technique, questions arising about its safety and risk of complications must be extensively studied. Many questions about the specific features of laparoscopy promoting cancer growth remain unanswered.UNIFESP-EPM Departamento de CirurgiaHospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São PauloUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de CirurgiaSciEL

Influence of the age and disease colorectal in immunity cutaneous pericolostomic

Objective: describe the immunological response in the dermal layer of the peri-colostomic region. Method: Forty-one patients with colostomies realized over eight weeks previously, were included. For the analysis of the immunocellular response in the peri-colostomic dermal region, the values of Pan T lymphocytes, T lymphocytes - helper, T lymphocytes - cytotoxic, lymphocytes B, T lymphocytes - Natural Killer and macrophages. Results: Analysis of the immuno-cellular response showed that both in the benign colorectal disease as well as in the malignant one number of Pan T lymphocytes, T lymphocytes - helper, T lymphocytes - cytotoxic and macrophages were statistically significant relationship major than B Lymphocytes and T lymphocytes - Natural Killer. Analysis of the immuno-cellular response based on age, demonstrated that both the adult age bracket as well as the geriatric one, displayed a major number of Pan T lymphocytes, T lymphocytes - helper and macrophages, with their numerical value significantly than the B lymphocytes and the T lymphocytes - Natural Killer, beyond the T lymphocytes - cytotoxic with the B lymphocytes and the T lymphocytes - Natural Killer in the adult age. Conclusion: The presence of a colostomy promotes the development of an immuno-cellular response in the dermal layer of the peri-colostomy region that is composed of a major number of Pan T lymphocytes, T lymphocytes - helper, T lymphocytes - cytotoxic and macrophages.Objetivo: Caracterizar a resposta imunológica presente na camada dérmica da região peri-colostômica. Método: Foram incluídos quarenta e um doentes, portadores de colostomias realizadas há mais de oito semanas. Na determinação imuno-histoquímica foram avaliados os linfócitos Pan T, linfócito T - auxiliar, linfócito T - citotóxico, linfócito B, linfócito T - Natural Killer e os macrófagos. Resultados: Na análise da resposta imune-celular, independente da doença colorretal, foi observada uma relação com significância estatística quando se comparou os valores dos linfócitos Pan T, linfócito T - auxiliar, linfócito T - citotóxico e dos macrófagos, com as do linfócito B, linfócito T - Natural Killer. Na análise da resposta imune-celular de acordo com a idade, observou-se uma significância estatística da relação do linfócito Pan T, linfócito T - auxiliar e do macrófago, com as do linfócito B, linfócito T - Natural Killer, em ambas as faixas etárias, além do linfócito T - citotóxico com as do linfócito B, linfócito T - Natural Killer na faixa etária adulta. Conclusão: A presença da colostomia determina o desenvolvimento de uma resposta imune-celular na camada dérmica da região peri-colostômica, sendo composta em maior número pelo linfócito Pan T, linfócito T - auxiliar, linfócito T - citotóxico e macrófagos.Universidade de Taubaté Departamento de Medicina ASBCPUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Cirurgia TSBCPUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PatologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de CirurgiaUniversidade de Taubaté Departamento de MedicinaUNIFESP, Depto. de Cirurgia TSBCPUNIFESP, Depto. de PatologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de CirurgiaSciEL

Impacto da linfadenectomia ampliada na morbidade, mortalidade, recidiva e cinco anos de sobrevida após gastrectomia por câncer: metanálise de ensaios clínicos randomizados

PURPOSE: To compare morbidity, mortality, recurrence and 5-year survival between D1 and D2 or D3 for treatment of gastric cancer. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Metaview in RevMan 4.2.8 for analysis; statistical heterogeneity by Cochran's Q test (P50%). Estimates of effect were calculated using random effects model. RESULTS: D2 or D3 was associated with higher in-hospital mortality, with RR = 2.13, p=0.0004, 95% CI, 1.40 to 3.25, I²=0%, P=0.63; overall morbidity showed higher incidence in D2 or D3, RR = 1.98, p50%). Estimativas dos efeitos pelo modelo randômico. RESULTADOS: Maior mortalidade hospitalar em D2 ou D3, RR = 2.13, p=0.0004, 95% IC, 1.40 a 3.25, I²=0%, P=0.63; maior morbidade geral em D2 ou D3, RR = 1.98, p<0.00001, 95% IC, 1.64 a 2.38, I² = 33.9%, P=0.20; maior tempo operatório em D2 e D3, diferença de média ponderal de 1.05, p<0.00001, 95% IC, 0.71 a 1.38, I² = 78.7%, P=0.03; número de reoperações maior em D2 e D3, RR = 2.33, p<0.0001, 95% IC, 1.58 a 3.44, I² = 0%, P=0.99; maior tempo de permanência hospitalar em D2 e D3, diferença de média ponderal de 4.72, p<0.00001, 95% IC, 3.80 a 5.65, I² = 89.9%, P<0.00001; recidiva maior nos grupos D2 e D3, RR = 0.89, p=0.02, 95% IC, 0.80 a 0.98, I² = 71.0%, P = 0.03; mortalidade com doença recidivada maior em D1, RR = 0.88, p=0.04, 95% IC, 0.78 a 0.99, I² =51.8%, P=0.10; 5 anos de sobrevida mostrou diferença estatística não significante, RR = 1.05, p=0.40, 95% IC, 0.93 a 1.19, I² = 49.1% e P=0.12. CONCLUSÕES: Linfadenectomia D2 ou D3 está associada a maior morbidade e maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar; D2 ou D3 apresenta menor incidência de recidiva e menor mortalidade com recidiva, analisadas em conjunto, com heterogeneidade estatística; D2 ou D3 não tem impacto na sobrevida de 5 anos.UNIFOA Clinical Epidemiology and SurgeryUNIFESP Brazilian Cochrane CenterUNIFESPUNIFESP, Brazilian Cochrane CenterUNIFESPSciEL