Occupational Choice of Return Migrants in Moldova

This paper analyses the occupational choice of return migrants. Using the CBSAXA data on different aspects of migration in Moldova, we find that those who stayed illegally in the host country tend to go in wage employment on return to the home country. We also show that relatively better educated tend not be in formal employment, i.e., appear not to participate in the labour market whereas those with relatively lower skills or who obtained worse than expected outcome in the host country are more likely to be wage employed in the home country on return. We discuss intuition of these paradoxical results in the paper.sample selection, return migration, occupational choice, Moldova

Motivations for Remittances: Evidence from Moldova

This paper explores the factors that account for the receipt of remittances across households in Moldova who have migrants abroad. Unlike most of the existing literature, we approach our research question from the perspective of the recipient household and use it to interpret the determinants/motivations of remittances. Our results show that a combination of household and migrant characteristics and some community level variables are the key elements in explaining the remittance behaviour in Moldova. Drawing from these estimates, we conclude that altruism and investment (proxied by the level of economic development at the regional level) are the two main motives behind remittance flows to Moldova.remittances, migration, Moldova

Precautionary Savings by Natives and Immigrants in Germany

This paper analyses the savings behaviour of natives and immigrants in Germany. It is argued that uncertainty about future income and legal status (in case of immigrants) is a key component in the determination of the level of precautionary savings. Using the German Socio-economic Panel data it is shown that, although immigrants have lower levels of savings and are less likely to have regular savings than natives, the gap is significantly narrowed once we take loan repayments and remittances into account. Moreover, we find that marginal propensity to save for immigrants is about 40% higher than that for natives. We then exploit a natural experiment arising from a change in nationality law in Germany in 2000 to estimate the importance of precautionary savings. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the easing of the requirements for naturalization has caused significant reductions of savings and remittances for immigrants as a whole, in the magnitude of 13% and 29% respectively, comparing to the pre-reform period. Our parametric specification shows that the introduction of the new nationality law reduces the gap between natives and immigrants in marginal propensity to save by 40% to 65%, depending on the measure of savings used. These findings suggest that much of the differences in terms of the savings behaviour between natives and immigrants are driven by the precautionary savings arising from the uncertainties about future income and legal status rather than cultural differences.migration, remittances, savings, uncertainty

Circular Migration or Permanent Return: What Determines Different Forms of Migration?

This paper addresses the following questions: To what extent do the socio-economic characteristics of circular/repeat migrants differ from migrants who return permanently to the home country after their first trip (i.e. return migrants)? and What determines each of these distinctive temporary migration forms? Using Albanian household survey data and both a multinomial logit model and a maximum simulated likelihood (MSL) probit with two sequential selection equations, we find that education, gender, age, geographical location and the return reasons from the first migration trip significantly affect the choice of migration form. Compared to return migrants, circular migrants are more likely to be male, have primary education and originate from rural, less developed areas. Moreover, return migration seems to be determined by family reasons, a failed migration attempt but also the fulfillment of a savings target.return migration, circular migration, sample selection

Self-Selection and the Performance of Return Migrants: the Source Country Perspective.

In this paper, using the framework of a Roy theoretical model, we examine the performance of return migrants in Albania. We ask two main questions: (i) Had they chosen not to migrate, what would be the performance of return migrants compared to the non-migrants? and (ii) What would be the performance of non-migrants had they decided to migrate and return? Both our estimates from a selection model and our semi-parametric approach allow us to conclude that the flows of return migrants are negatively selected. We find that, had they decided to migrate and come back, the non-migrants would have earned more than twice the wages of return migrants.migration, self-selection, Albania

Social capital and immigrants' labour market performance

This paper analyses the role of social capital on immigrants’ labour market outcomes. We use the “principal component analysis” (PCA) to build an index of social networks and explore its impact on the probability of getting a job and on wage levels using the Households Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) longitudinal survey data. We find a positive effect of social capital on migrants’ employment outcomes and wages, especially for women. Distinguishing employment into blue and white-collar jobs, we find that social capital only affects the probability of getting a white-collar job. These results suggest that promoting opportunities to create social capital has a beneficial effect on migrants’ integration in the host country

Impact of Compensation, Performance Appraisals & Marketing on Organization’s Performance the Business Research on Hotel Industry of Pakistan

This research has been done to check whether the Human Resource Management Performance appraisals, compensation and Marketing combined to perform well in the hotel industry of Pakistan, that affects the organization performance. This research focuses on whether Marketing ,compensation,  and Performance appraisals are affecting the performance in a positive way or not, and what still needs to be done to make these Human Resource Management and marketing polished enough so that they enhances the organization performance. The research papers that were studied to complete this research were all related to this Human Resource Management’s factors that are Compensation, Performance appraisals and Marketing add organization performance. The sample size that was taken to do the research contained 300 questionnaires. Through the S.P.S.S method, the results were found out, including the descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis. Results of the research showed positive relationship between dependent and independent variables. As the hotel industry represent one of the major part of the success of one country, therefore, they need to perform better. Keywords: Marketing, Performance appraisals, Compensation, Organization performanc

An Analysis of Fiscal Sustainability in Pakistan

This study attempts to investigate the fiscal sustainability of Pakistan empirically. The relationship among fiscal policy factors like the Primary Balance, Government interest-free spending, Government Revenue, and macroeconomic variables such as Gross Public Debt and GDP growth rate is analyzed by estimating fiscal reaction functions, Government expenditure adjustments, and Government revenue adjustments to debt. The results indicate that the fiscal policy adopted by the government of Pakistan is sustainable because there is a strong correlation between the primary balance percentage of GDP and the lag Debt percentage of GDP if there is rise in debt, the primary balance rises too. There is an adverse impact of government expenditure on primary balance. Results obtained from the multiple regression analysis show that adjustments to debt come from the expenditure side as it is highly significant compared to Government revenue adjustments that are insignificant. In this study, I also employed Markov Switching Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Model using quarterly data for the period of 19 years from 2000-2019 just to observe the behavior of macroeconomic variables toward debt, but the results are unsatisfactory in most of the variables as it doesn’t indicate any relationship between the variables. It is concluded that the accumulation of Pakistan’s debt could be handled by rationalizing government expenditure. However, Pakistan needs to implement conventional taxation policy measures and ensure proper utilization of tax revenue to its optimum level to lessen the debt burden on the economy. Along with that, the government also needs to work on its investment and export areas which will ultimately increase the government revenue and help the economy to overcome the long-standing issue of budget deficit