Exploring New Kingdoms: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Oxi-Inflamm-Aging Related to Cardiorenal Syndrome

The incidence of age associated chronic diseases has increased in recent years. Although several diverse causes produce these phenomena, abundant evidence shows that oxidative stress plays a central role. In recent years, numerous studies have focused on elucidating the role of oxidative stress in the development and progression of both aging and chronic diseases, opening the door to the discovery of new underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways. Among them, senolytics and senomorphics, and extracellular vesicles offer new therapeutic strategies to slow the development of aging and its associated chronic diseases by decreasing oxidative stress. In this review, we aim to discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in human cardiorenal syndrome development and their possible role as biomarkers, targets, or vehicles of drugs to treat this syndrome.Instituto de Salud Carlos IIISociedad Española de NefrologíaMinisterio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación DigitalMinisterio de Cultura y DeporteMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónComunidad de Madri

All-trans retinoic acid induces COX-2 and prostaglandin E(2 )synthesis in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells: involvement of retinoic acid receptors and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2

BACKGROUND: Our recent results show that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, induces COX-dependent hyperalgesia and allodynia in rats. This effect was mediated by retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and was associated with increased COX-2 expression in the spinal cord. Since ATRA also up-regulated COX-2 expression in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, the current study was undertaken to analyze in these cells the mechanism through which ATRA increases COX activity. METHODS: Cultured SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with ATRA. COX expression and kinase activity were analyzed by western blot. Transcriptional mechanisms were analyzed by RT-PCR and promoter assays. Pharmacological inhibitors of kinase activity and pan-antagonists of RAR or RXR were used to assess the relevance of these signaling pathways. Production of prostaglandin E(2 )(PGE(2)) was quantified by enzyme immunoabsorbent assay. Statistical significance between individual groups was tested using the non-parametric unpaired Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: ATRA induced a significant increase of COX-2 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, while COX-1 expression remained unchanged. Morphological features of differentiation were not observed in ATRA-treated cells. Up-regulation of COX-2 protein expression was followed by increased production of PGE(2). ATRA also up-regulated COX-2 mRNA expression and increased the activity of a human COX-2 promoter construct. We next explored the participation of RARs and mitogen-activated peptide kinases (MAPK). Pre-incubation of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells with either RAR-pan-antagonist LE540 or MAP kinase kinase 1 (MEK-1) inhibitor PD98059 resulted in the abolition of ATRA-induced COX-2 promoter activity, COX-2 protein expression and PGE(2 )production whereas the retinoid X receptor pan-antagonist HX531, the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 or the c-Jun kinase inhibitor SP600125 did not have any effect. The increase in RAR-β expression and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2) phosphorylation in ATRA-incubated cells suggested that RARs and ERK1/2 were in fact activated by ATRA in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the importance of RAR-dependent and kinase-dependent mechanisms for ATRA-induced COX-2 expression and activity

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α: The Master Regulator of Endothelial Cell Senescence in Vascular Aging

Aging is one of the hottest topics in biomedical research. Advances in research and medicine have helped to preserve human health, leading to an extension of life expectancy. However, the extension of life is an irreversible process that is accompanied by the development of aging-related conditions such as weakness, slower metabolism, and stiffness of vessels. It also debated that aging can be considered an actual disease with aging-derived comorbidities, including cancer or cardiovascular disease. Currently, cardiovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, are considered as premature aging and represent the first causes of death in developed countries, accounting for 31% of annual deaths globally. Emerging evidence has identified hypoxia-inducible factor-1α as a critical transcription factor with an essential role in aging-related pathology, in particular, regulating cellular senescence associated with cardiovascular aging. In this review, we will focus on the regulation of senescence mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in age-related pathologies, with particular emphasis on the crosstalk between endothelial and vascular cells in age-associated atherosclerotic lesions. More specifically, we will focus on the characteristics and mechanisms by which cells within the vascular wall, including endothelial and vascular cells, achieve a senescent phenotyp

Endothelial Cell Senescence in the Pathogenesis of Endothelial Dysfunction

Aging is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and senescence in endothelial cells seems to be an initial step in the cascade of events that will culminate with the development of these pathologies. In this chapter, we examine the pathophysiological mechanism(s) involved in endothelial senescence, leading to CVD as well as the biochemical and cellular pathways that may explain the activation and development of the process of endothelial senescence, and we discuss new hypotheses supported by experimental results which suggest that the senescent endothelial cell may induce a general process of vascular senescence. This process is probably induced either by soluble molecules secreted by these senescent cells and/or by intercellular signals transported in cellular vesicles that may be useful as biomarkers and as potential therapeutic targets in endothelial senescence

Endothelial Senescence and the Chronic Vascular Diseases: Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities in Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is probably one of the paradigms of disease linked to aging. Underlying the physiopathology of atherosclerosis are cellular senescence, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These factors are increased in the elderly and from chronic disease patients. Elevated levels of oxidative stress affect cellular function and metabolism, inducing senescence. This senescence modifies the cell phenotype into a senescent secretory phenotype. This phenotype activates immune cells, leading to chronic systemic inflammation. Moreover, due to their secretory phenotype, senescence cells present an increased release of highlighted extracellular vesicles that will change nearby/neighborhood cells and paracrine signaling. For this reason, searching for specific senescent cell biomarkers and therapies against the development/killing of senescent cells has become relevant. Recently, senomorphic and senolityc drugs have become relevant in slowing down or eliminating senescence cells. However, even though they have shown promising results in experimental studies, their clinical use is still yet to be determinedInstituto de Salud Carlos IIISociedad Española de NefrologíaComunidad de MadridFondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regiona

Indoxil sulfato induce senescencia y liberación de microvesículas en células endoteliales que promueven la calcificación vascular

Actas del V Congreso de Señalización Celular, SECUAH 2020. 16-18 de marzo, 2020. Universidad de Alcalá. Alcalá de Henares, Madrid. España.Antecedentes: Tanto los ancianos como los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tienen una mayor probabilidad de sufrir enfermedades inflamatorias cardiovasculares (EICVs), las cuales pueden asociarse a la calcificación vascular como inicio de las mismas. Las células endoteliales tienen una senescencia prematura como mecanismo fisiopatológico en la ECV asociada a ERC. Hemos demostrado que las microvesículas (MVs) producidas por estas células senescentes, debido a su capacidad de comunicación intercelular, pueden iniciar dicha calcificación. Además, las toxinas urémicas, como el indoxil sulfato (IS), que se relacionan con la ERC, también pueden generar una senescencia endotelial precoz, lo que puede secretar MVs que inicien la calcificación vascular. Todo esto permite que las MVs puedan ser útiles para su caracterización como biomarcadores tempranos y/o diana terapéutica en estas patologías. Materiales y métodos: Se trataron células endoteliales (HUVEC) con IS. La senescencia se cuantificó por el método de β-galactosidasa. Por citometría de flujo se aislaron y se caracterizaron las MVs producidas por las HUVEC senescentes, y se utilizaron para el tratamiento de células musculares lisas (HASMC) durante 9, 20 y 30 días. En HASMC se valoraron los depósitos de calcio por el colorante rojo alizarina. A los 30 días, mediante el kit de fenolsufoneftaleina, se cuantificó el contenido de calcio. Mediante PCR cuantitativa se determinó en HASMC la expresión de genes pro-calcificantes y por western blot la expresión de un marcador específico de HASMC (SM22α). Resultados: El tratamiento con IS indujo senescencia precoz en HUVEC (control: 7,07±2,87% vs. IS: 72,90±13,09%, p<0.0001) y se observó un incremento en la producción de MVs (control: 1,68±1.00 vs. IS: 9.92±4,29 MVs/célula, p<0.005). Las MVs procedentes de células con senescencia precoz por el efecto del IS indujeron calcificación en HASMC, en un proceso asociado a desregulación en la expresión de genes procalcificantes (Runx2, BMP2). Además, las MVs generadas en HUVEC tratadas con IS producen un proceso de desdiferenciación de las HASMC (expresión de SM22α). Conclusión: Las células endoteliales que tienen una senescencia precoz como consecuencia del estrés oxidativo generado por las toxinas urémicas son capaces de producir MVs que promuevan la calcificación vascular. Su cuantificación en plasma permite que se pueda utilizar como biomarcador para valorar la progresión de la enfermedad en sujetos susceptibles y para diseñar dianas terapéuticas que eviten la generación o la presencia en el espacio extracelular de MVs procalcificantes

Increasing the magnesium concentration in various dialysate solutions differentially modulates oxidative stress in a human monocyte cell line

Oxidative stress is exacerbated in hemodialysis patients by several factors, including the uremic environment and the use of dialysis fluids (DFs). Since magnesium (Mg) plays a key role in modulating immune function and in reducing oxidative stress, we aimed to evaluate whether increasing the Mg concentration in different DFs could protect against oxidative stress in immunocompetent cells in vitro. Effect of ADF (acetate 3 mM), CDF (citrate 1 mM), and ACDF (citrate 0.8 mM + acetate 0.3 mM) dialysates with Mg at standard (0.5 mM) or higher (1, 1.25, and 2 mM) concentrations were assessed in THP-1 monocyte cultures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were quantified under basal and uremic conditions (indoxyl sulfate (IS) treatment). Under uremic conditions, the three DFs with 0.5 mM Mg promoted higher ROS production and lipid damage than the control solution. However, CDF and ACDF induced lower levels of ROS and MDA, compared to that induced by ADF. High Mg concentration (1.25 and/or 2 mM) in CDF and ACDF protected against oxidative stress, indicated by reduced ROS and MDA levels compared to respective DFs with standard concentration of Mg. Increasing Mg concentrations in ADF promoted high ROS production and MDA content. Thus, an increase in Mg content in DFs has differential effects on the oxidative stress in IS-treated THP-1 cells depending on the dialysate used

MicroRNA-126 regulates HypoxiaInducible Factor-1α which inhibited migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis in replicative endothelial senescence

Whereas a healthy endothelium maintains physiological vascular functions, endothelial damage contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial senescence is the main determinant of endothelial dysfunction and thus of age-related cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study is to test the involvement of microRNA-126 and HIF-1α in a model of replicative endothelial senescence and the interrelationship between both molecules in this in vitro model. We demonstrated that senescent endothelial cells experience impaired tube formation and delayed wound healing. Senescent endothelial cells failed to express HIF-1α, and the microvesicles released by these cells failed to carry HIF-1α. Of note, HIF-1α protein levels were restored in HIF-1α stabilizer-treated senescent endothelial cells. Finally, we show that microRNA-126 was downregulated in senescent endothelial cells and microvesicles. With regard to the interplay between microRNA-126 and HIF-1α, transfection with a microRNA-126 inhibitor downregulated HIF-1α expression in early passage endothelial cells. Moreover, while HIF-1α inhibition reduced tube formation and wound healing closure, microRNA-126 levels remained unchanged. These data indicate that HIF-1α is a target of miRNA-126 in protective and reparative functions, and suggest that their therapeutic modulation could benefit age-related vascular disease

Papel de las proteínas oxidadas sobre el daño endotelial asociado a la enfermedad renal crónica : aproximación “in vivo” e “in vitro”

Una manifestación temprana de las enfermedades cardiovasculares es la disfunción endotelial, asociada a un entorno inflamatorio propio de patologías crónicas como la insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC). Está descrito que en la IRC se producen modificaciones pos-traduccionales en las proteínas, tales como la oxidación, que serían capaces de generar un daño endotelial y como consecuencia producir eventos cardiovasculares asociados a esta patología (IRC). Por ello, nos centramos en caracterizar y determinar el papel de estas proteínas oxidadas presentes en los plasmas de pacientes con IRC. Además, valoramos los efectos de una proteína en concreto, albúmina humana, sobre cultivos endoteliales, para relacionar estas moléculas alteradas presentes en plasmas de sujetos patológicos y nuestra proteína modificada en cuanto a la capacidad de provocar fenómenos de daño y senescencia prematura inducida en el endotelio, con las consiguientes complicaciones fisiopatológicas. Se realizó una aproximación in vivo, en la cual, mediante técnica ELISA, se determinó la cantidad (ng/mL) de AOPP (Advance Oxidized Protein Products) en plasmas de sujetos (n=18) con IRC, procedentes del Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda. Paralelamente, se cuantificó el número de micropartículas (MPs) endoteliales en las muestras para observar el daño endotelial.”In Vitro”, se utilizó Albúmina Humana Oxidada (mediante sulfato de cobre) como tratamiento, para ver los posibles efectos deletéreos de la misma, medidos como senescencia y daño (actividad B-gal, producción de MPs, reendotelización y proliferación). Se observó una mayor cantidad de proteínas oxidadas así como mayor número de MPs endoteliales en los plasmas de los sujetos respecto el control; se valoró que la presencia de albúmina oxidada induce senescencia prematura en el endotelio, así como expresión de mayor número de MPs e inhibición parcial de la proliferación y reendotelización del mismo, además de una mayor expresión de ciclina D1 a las 6 horas de tratamiento, proteína relacionada con la senescenci