175 research outputs found
Vertimo politika VakarĆł Europos konstituciniuose teismuose: autentiĆĄkumas ir / arba autoriteto ÄŻtvirtinimas
This paper deals with the translation policy in the constitutional courts of Western Europe. These courts, which are set in unilingual systems, employ âdisseminative translationsâ as part of a mutual strategy of influence. More precisely, the aim of the article is to demonstrate a distortion between what a constitutional court intends to translate, what the court effectively translates, and how a counterpart court receives it in another legal system. The paper emphasizes the concept of translation authenticity in these courts and its consequences on normativity. Furthermore, it underlines that even with a lax conception of authenticity, these translations have a normative effectâalbeit indirect.Straipsnyje nagrinÄjama vertimo politika VakarĆł Europos konstituciniuose teismuose. Ć iuose teismuose, veikianÄiuose vienakalbÄse sistemose, naudojami sklaidos vertimai kaip abipusÄs ÄŻtakos strategijos dalis. Straipsnyje siekiama iĆĄryĆĄkinti neatitikimÄ
tarp to, kÄ
konstitucinis teismas ketina iĆĄversti, kÄ
teismas iĆĄ tikrĆłjĆł iĆĄverÄia ir kaip tÄ
priima analogiĆĄkas teismas kitoje teisinÄje sistemoje. Taip pat pabrÄĆŸiama, kaip ĆĄiuose teismuose suprantamas vertimo autentiĆĄkumas ir kaip ĆĄi samprata veikia normatyvumÄ
. PaĆŸymÄtina, kad net ir laisvai interpretuojant vertimo autentiĆĄkumÄ
, ĆĄie vertimai turi â nors ir netiesioginÄŻ â norminamÄ
jÄŻ poveikÄŻ
IL-10 and TGF-ÎČ Control of Dendritic Cells at Environmental Interfaces
__Abstract__
Dendritic cells (DC) are necessary to maintain homeostasis and are essential in regulating immune responses. DC induce effector T cell responses to invading pathogens and promote regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation to harmless antigens. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor ÎČ (TGF-ÎČ) are anti-inflammatory cytokines displaying potent tolerogenic abilities. Both cytokines are secreted by and act on a plethora of (non-) immune cells including T cells and DC. In vitro studies demonstrated that both IL-10 and TGF-ÎČ attenuate DC maturation and function. In this thesis, we investigated the role of IL-10 and TGF-ÎČ signaling in DC in vivo, using mice with a DC-specific deletion of the IL-10Rα and TGF-ÎČR1, respectively (DC-IL10R-/- and DC-TÎČR1-/- mice).
Chapter 1 provides a general introduction.
In Chapter 2 we first analyzed DC-IL10R-/- mice in the steady state. In contrast to in vitro studies, IL10R-deficient DC did not express enhanced surface MHC-II or co-stimulatory molecules in vivo. However, upon stimulation, IL10R-deficient DC secreted elevated amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We establish that IL-10 control of DC is dispensable during T cell priming in skin-draining LN, but crucial in regulating the reactivation of effector/memory T cells in the skin.
Chapter 3 continues to focus on the IL-10 regulation of skin DC, using a cutaneous infection model of Leishmania major (L. major) parasites. Our results suggest that IL-10 control of DC is important during the acute phase but not the latent phase of leishmaniasis.
In Chapter 4, we describe DC-IL10R-/- mice which spontaneously develop enteropathy, similar to patients with celiac disease. We conclude that IL-10 control of DC is necessary to dampen effector/memory Th1/Th17 cell reactivation and maintain immune homeostasis in the small intestine.
In Chapter 5, we show that DC-IL10R-/- mice develop less asthma compared to controls and hypothesize that IL-10R-deficient DC secrete elevated levels of IL-10 which could enhance Treg activity and regulate asthma in situ.
In Chapter 6 we demonstrate that TGF-ÎČ is necessary for the maintenance of LC in the epidermis but that TGF-ÎČ-signaling is dispensable for the homeostasis of other skin DC subsets, notably Langerin+ dermal DC. Our results also demonstrate that TGF-ÎČ control of dermal DC is dispensable during CHS.
In Chapter 7 we establish that TGF-ÎČ control of colonic DC is essential to for their tolerogenic conditioning, and therefore is crucial to prevent colitis.
Chapter 8 is a general discussion and future perspectives
En compagnie de la guerre
The dissolution of AcĂ©phale marked the beginning of the war as well as Batailleâs commitment to âthe inner experienceâ. Through this surrender to ecstasy, Bataille never ceased â even with chance encounters â to agitate morals and heighten the value of sin. Of the relationship between community and sovereignty, whatâs left to examine? That is the question this article seeks to answer.Die Auflösung des Geheimbundes LâAcĂ©phale fĂ€llt mit dem Anfang des Krieges zusammen, und mit dem Beginn eines neuen Verfahrens fĂŒr Georges Bataille: die âinnere Erfahrungâ
En compagnie de la guerre
The dissolution of AcĂ©phale marked the beginning of the war as well as Batailleâs commitment to âthe inner experienceâ. Through this surrender to ecstasy, Bataille never ceased â even with chance encounters â to agitate morals and heighten the value of sin. Of the relationship between community and sovereignty, whatâs left to examine? That is the question this article seeks to answer.Die Auflösung des Geheimbundes LâAcĂ©phale fĂ€llt mit dem Anfang des Krieges zusammen, und mit dem Beginn eines neuen Verfahrens fĂŒr Georges Bataille: die âinnere Erfahrungâ
Impact des routes sur la dynamique de colonisation et dâextinction dâamphibiens en milieux humides
Le taux actuel dâextinction des espĂšces alarme de nombreux chercheurs Ă travers le monde. La fragmentation et la dĂ©tĂ©rioration des habitats constituent la menace la plus importante Ă la biodiversitĂ©. Par ailleurs, le groupe des amphibiens subit, depuis quelques dĂ©cennies, un impressionnant dĂ©clin : une espĂšce sur trois serait menacĂ©e dans le monde ou en voie de le devenir. LâĂ©change dâindividus entre les populations locales est particuliĂšrement important pour la viabilitĂ© de ce groupe d'animaux. La fragmentation et la dĂ©tĂ©rioration des territoires, suite Ă lâimplantation de routes, semblent constituer un problĂšme sĂ©rieux. Toutefois, le manque dâinformations quantitatives quant Ă lâimpact rĂ©el des routes sur la dynamique des populations de ces espĂšces est criant. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© lâimpact des routes sur la dynamique de colonisation et dâextinction dâamphibiens en milieux humides dans deux rĂ©gions du QuĂ©bec. Pour chaque aire dâĂ©tude, nous avons Ă©tabli 54 sites dans un rayon de 50 km autour du Parc national de Plaisance, en Outaouais, ainsi que du Parc national dâAiguebelle en Abitibi-TĂ©miscamingue. Ces sites ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©s Ă partir dâun gradient de distances Ă la route ( 100 m) ainsi que du type de route (non asphaltĂ©e, secondaire asphaltĂ©e, principale asphaltĂ©e), afin de remplir Ă©quitablement les 9 combinaisons possibles. La dĂ©tection de trois espĂšces dâanoures (Grenouille verte (Lithobates clamitans), Grenouille du Nord (Lithobates septentrionalis), et Rainette crucifĂšre (Pseudacris crucifer)) a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e lors de stations dâĂ©coute, Ă raison de 3 ou 4 visites par saisons dâĂ©chantillonnage, et ce, de 2012 Ă 2014. Nous avons Ă©mis lâhypothĂšse que la quantitĂ© de couvert forestier dans un rayon de 500 m permet de mitiger les effets nĂ©gatifs des routes. Pour ce faire, nous avons considĂ©rĂ© des interactions entre le couvert forestier et la distance du milieu humide Ă la route (couvert x distance) ou le type de routes (couvert x type de route). Des facteurs pouvant influencer lâoccurrence initiale des espĂšces tels que le pH, la conductivitĂ© et la taille du site ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© pris en compte. De plus, certains facteurs liĂ©s Ă la probabilitĂ© de dĂ©tection imparfaite tels que les facteurs mĂ©tĂ©orologiques, le passage dâautomobiles et le nombre de jours Ă©coulĂ©s depuis la fonte des neiges ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©s. Des variables concernant le paysage â dans un rayon de 500m autour des sites â telles que la quantitĂ© de routes et la quantitĂ© de milieux humides furent ajoutĂ©s aux modĂšles. Nous avons analysĂ© les donnĂ©es Ă lâaide de modĂšles dâoccupation dynamique. Les rĂ©sultats indiquent que, pour la Grenouille verte, la probabilitĂ© dâextinction diminue avec le pH du milieu humide et augmente avec la proportion de rĂ©sineux dans le couvert forestier. La probabilitĂ© de dĂ©tection augmente avec le nombre de jours Ă©coulĂ©s depuis la fonte des neiges. Pour la Grenouille du Nord, la probabilitĂ© de colonisation augmente avec la taille du milieu humide. Pour la Rainette crucifĂšre, l'effet de la distance Ă la route sur la probabilitĂ© dâoccurrence dĂ©pend du couvert forestier (interaction couvert x distance), mais diffĂšre selon le type dâessence. Pour la distance de 50 m Ă une route, la probabilitĂ© dâoccurrence diminue avec le couvert forestier de type mixte alors que pour des distances de 100 et 150 m Ă une route, la probabilitĂ© dâoccurrence augmente avec le couvert forestier de type mixte. Pour la distance de 50 m Ă une route, la probabilitĂ© dâoccurrence augmente avec le couvert forestier de type feuillu alors que pour des distances de 100 et 150 m Ă une route, la probabilitĂ© dâoccurrence diminue avec le couvert forestier de type feuillu. De plus, la probabilitĂ© de dĂ©tection de la Rainette crucifĂšre diminue avec le nombre de jours Ă©coulĂ©s depuis la fonte des neiges. Les diffĂ©rences de rĂ©sultats observĂ©es entres les espĂšces Ă lâĂ©tude peuvent sâexpliquer par la variabilitĂ© intrinsĂšque, notamment en ce concerne la prĂ©fĂ©rence dâhabitat et le moment de reproduction. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus nâont pas rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s dâeffet des routes sur la dynamique de colonisation et dâextinction des amphibiens en milieux humides. NĂ©anmoins, nous croyons que la poursuite de ce projet Ă long terme permettrait dâaffiner les rĂ©sultats obtenus, considĂ©rant par ailleurs, lâexpansion toujours grandissante des rĂ©seaux routiers dans les aires Ă lâĂ©tude
Traduire Sociedad ProtagĂłnica dans un cours de grands systemes de droit
Cet article revient sur la traduction de lâexpression sociedad protagĂłnicaprĂ©sente dans le PrĂ©ambule de la Constitution vĂ©nĂ©zuĂ©lienne de 1999 dans le cadre dâun cours de grands systĂšmes de droit dispensĂ© en premiĂšre annĂ©e de licence de droit. Il souligne les influences rĂ©ciproques entre lâenseignement et la recherche. Dans le cas exposĂ©, lâenseignement est Ă lâorigine dâune quĂȘte juritraductologique qui a conduit Ă proposer comme traduction en français sociĂ©tĂ© protagoniste. Pour y parvenir, il a fallu revenir au concept politique employĂ©par Hugo ChĂĄvez au moment de lâAssemblĂ©e constituante et dĂ©veloppĂ© dans ses Ă©crits, revenir Ă la langue française oĂč est apparu le nĂ©ologisme protagonismedans les Ă©tudes dâhistoire et de sciences politiques, avant de terminer par une approche lexicale au sein des langues romanes. Les rĂ©sultats de cette quĂȘte ont eux-mĂȘmes produit des effets dans la refonte du cours de Grands systĂšmes juridiques. Le protagonismeque met en exergue la Constitution vĂ©nĂ©zuĂ©lienne participe dâun phĂ©nomĂšne plus large de subjectivisation politique des individus dans certains pays dâAmĂ©rique du Sud. Cette donnĂ©e, qui mĂšne Ă rĂ©flĂ©chir aux liens quâentretient le protagonismeavec les concepts de nouveau constitutionnalisme ou de nĂ©o-constitutionnalisme, a abouti Ă la crĂ©ation dâune nouvelle leçon pour le cours de grands systĂšmes juridiques sud-amĂ©ricains relative Ă lâexercice du pouvoir politique.Lâensemble de ces interactions conduit Ă envisager de nouvelles pistes de recherche Ă la fois dans la traduction, notamment en interrogeant les variations terminologiques du protagonismoen AmĂ©rique du Sud, et en droit comparĂ©, en Ă©tudiant les diverses formes de subjectivisation politique et les normes juridiques qui les sous-tendent.The Preamble to the 1999 Venezuelian Constitution rules that the new State is meant to create a sociedad protagĂłnica. This is an expression that is difficult to translate intoFrench, because the adjective protagĂłnicadoes not have an equivalent. It was however an expression that I had to translate for my Introduction to comparative Law that I teach in the University to the Licence 1 Law students. In doing so, I had to conduct aresearch in juritraductology, which led me to translate sociedad protagĂłnicainto sociĂ©tĂ© protagoniste.The steps of my reasoning were the following: starting with the political concept used by Hugo ChĂĄvez during the ConstituentAssembly and enhanced in his essays; continuing with the French language where the neologism protagonismhas appeared in History and Political Sciences Studies; ending by a lexical approach inside de Romance languages. The outcome of this quest hasgenerated effects on the architecture of the Introduction to the class of Comparative Law, asthe protagonisme mentioned inthe VenezuelanConstitution belongsto a broader phenomenon of transforming citizens in political subjects in South Americancountries. This idea has been a link between protagonismeand the concepts of Newconstitutionalismor Neo-constitutionalism. The result was the creation of a new lesson dedicated to the exercise of political power in the South AmericanStates. The whole of these interactions ledme to consider new paths for my research, such as the terminological variations of protagonismoin South America (as to the juritraductological aspects) and the legal ways that make possible the transformation of citizens into political subjects (as to the comparative law aspects).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
IL-10 control of dendritic cells in the skin
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent immunomodulatory cytokine, whose cellular targets have not yet been precisely identified. Mice bearing a dendritic cell (DC)-specific defect in the IL-10 receptor mice exhibit exaggerated T-cell reactivation in the skin, highlighting a key function of DCs in the maintenance of local immune homeostasis
Population-specific call order in chimpanzee greeting vocal sequences
This study was funded by the Max Planck Society and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unionâs Horizon 2020 research and innovation program awarded to C.C. (grant agreement no. 679787) and ERC (Prilang GA283871) and by Leverhulme Trust Research Leadership Award. Core funding for the TaĂŻ Chimpanzee Project has been provided by the Max Planck Society since 1997 and for Budongo Conservation Field station by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland.Primates rarely learn new vocalisations, but they can learn to use their vocalizations in different contexts. Such âvocal usage learningâ, particularly in vocal sequences, is a hallmark of human language, but remains understudied in non-human primates. We assess usage learning in four wild chimpanzee communities of TaĂŻ and Budongo Forests by investigating population differences in call ordering of a greeting vocal sequence. Whilst in all groups, these sequences consisted of pant-hoots (long-distance contact call) and pant-grunts (short-distance submissive call), the order of the two calls differed across populations. TaĂŻ chimpanzees consistently commenced greetings with pant-hoots whereas Budongo chimpanzees started with pant-grunts. We discuss different hypotheses to explain this pattern and conclude that higher intra-group aggression in Budongo may have led to a local pattern of individuals signalling submission first. This highlights how within-species variation in social dynamics may lead to flexibility in call order production, possibly acquired via usage learning.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
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