Overview of the challenges of alternative propulsion systems applied to business aircraft

Abstract: In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reach the 2050 net-zero emissions target, the aviation sector is looking towards new propulsion architectures, such as electric, hybrid-electric, and hydrogen powertrains. The integration of these kinds of new powertrain technologies has a significant impact on aircraft performance. The loss of performance typically consists of a range reduction, a reduced payload capacity, a lower cruise speed than the baseline aircraft, etc. Cost in capabilities does not have the same impact depending on business or commercial aviation, as these are two radically different markets. The travel routes for a given airline are constant and well-known, and a loss of aircraft performance capability may therefore be acceptable, this is not the case for business aviation due to hard operational constraints. The operational constraints of business aircraft are reflected in a higher cruise speed than commercial aviation, a flight altitude above commercial traffic, a long-range capability, high volume and comfort of the cabin, the capability to takeoff and land at small regional airports, and so on. Since the operational flexibility of the aircraft is at the heart of the business aviation market and dependent on these performance indicators, these requirements are necessary to maintain the high level of competitiveness of the aircraft. The literature mainly focuses on the greenhouse gas emissions reduction of retrofitted aircraft without considerations for keeping the same level of performance as the baseline aircraft. As business aviation is expected to experience growth in deliveries over the next few years, the assessment of the impact of alternative propulsion systems on the performance of aircraft is crucial. Since all new propulsion technologies for the mitigation of aviation carbon footprint have drawbacks, the integration of these systems should result in an acceptable trade-off between the operational capabilities of the aircraft and CO2 emissions reduction. This paper presents the cost in performance and the key challenges of alternative propulsion system integration of business aircraft. The analysis focuses on three main architectures, the all-electric powertrain, hydrogen-powered aircraft, and parallel hybrid powertrain. The objective is to provide an overview of business aircraft requirements, the impact of alternative propulsion systems on such aircraft, and the key challenges to meet the operational constraints of the business aviation market.Résumé de la communication présentée lors du congrès international tenu conjointement par Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering (CSME) et Computational Fluid Dynamics Society of Canada (CFD Canada), à l’Université de Sherbrooke (Québec), du 28 au 31 mai 2023

Implications for the Formation of Blue Straggler Stars from HST Ultraviolet Observations of NGC 188

We present results of a Hubble Space Telescope far-ultraviolet (FUV) survey searching for white dwarf (WD) companions to blue straggler stars (BSSs) in open cluster NGC 188. The majority of NGC 188 BSSs (15 of 21) are single-lined binaries with properties suggestive of mass-transfer formation via Roche lobe overflow, specifically through an asymptotic giant branch star transferring mass to a main sequence secondary, yielding a BSS binary with a WD companion. In NGC 188, a BSS formed by this mechanism within the past 400 Myr will have a WD companion hot and luminous enough to be directly detected as a FUV photometric excess with HST. Comparing expected BSS FUV emission to observed photometry reveals four BSSs with WD companions above 12,000 K (younger than 250 Myr) and three WD companions with temperatures between 11,000-12,000 K. These BSS+WD binaries all formed through recent mass transfer. The location of the young BSSs in an optical color-magnitude diagram (CMD) indicates that distance from the zero-age main sequence does not necessarily correlate with BSS age. There is no clear CMD separation between mass transfer-formed BSSs and those likely formed through other mechanisms, such as collisions. The seven detected WD companions place a lower limit on the mass-transfer formation frequency of 33%. We consider other possible formation mechanisms by comparing properties of the BSS population to theoretical predictions. We conclude that 14 BSS binaries likely formed from mass transfer, resulting in an inferred mass-transfer formation frequency of approximately 67%.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, accepted to the Astrophysical Journa

Detection of white dwarf companions to blue stragglers in the open cluster NGC 188: direct evidence for recent mass transfer

Several possible formation pathways for blue straggler stars have been developed recently, but no one pathway has yet been observationally confirmed for a specific blue straggler. Here we report the first findings from a Hubble Space Telescope ACS/SBC far-UV photometric program to search for white dwarf companions to blue straggler stars. We find three hot and young white dwarf companions to blue straggler stars in the 7-Gyr open cluster NGC 188, indicating that mass transfer in these systems ended less than 300 Myr ago. These companions are direct and secure observational evidence that these blue straggler stars were formed through mass transfer in binary stars. Their existence in a well-studied cluster environment allows for observational constraints of both the current binary system and the progenitor binary system, mapping the entire mass transfer history.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letter

High-mobility Hydrogenated Indium Oxide without Introducing Water During Sputtering

AbstractThe key role of water to obtain high-mobility IO:H (hydrogenated indium oxide) layers has been well documented, but introducing the required tiny amount of water is technologically challenging. We first use simulations to evidence the key role of high mobility for the transparent conductive oxide for high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells. Then, we investigate an approach to fabricate high-mobility IO:H that circumvent the introduction of water vapor, relying on water vapor from ambient air. A sputtering tool equipped with a residual gas analyzer allows partial pressure monitoring of hydrogen and water in the system, and to link the gas composition to the properties of the deposited films. To vary the residual water pressure, we varied the pumping time after opening the chamber and before starting the deposition to reach different base pressures (1. 10-5 mbar to 3. 10-7 mbar), which are mostly composed of residual water. An optimum base pressure around 3. 10-6 mbar—and not lower pressures—was found to yield the highest mobility values after annealing. An alternative approach by introducing a small flow of hydrogen together with argon and oxygen is also shown to provide promising results

Reservoir computing with the frequency, phase and amplitude of spin-torque nano-oscillators

Spin-torque nano-oscillators can emulate neurons at the nanoscale. Recent works show that the non-linearity of their oscillation amplitude can be leveraged to achieve waveform classification for an input signal encoded in the amplitude of the input voltage. Here we show that the frequency and the phase of the oscillator can also be used to recognize waveforms. For this purpose, we phase-lock the oscillator to the input waveform, which carries information in its modulated frequency. In this way we considerably decrease amplitude, phase and frequency noise. We show that this method allows classifying sine and square waveforms with an accuracy above 99% when decoding the output from the oscillator amplitude, phase or frequency. We find that recognition rates are directly related to the noise and non-linearity of each variable. These results prove that spin-torque nano-oscillators offer an interesting platform to implement different computing schemes leveraging their rich dynamical features

The OXR domain defines a conserved family of eukaryotic oxidation resistance proteins

BACKGROUND: The NCOA7 gene product is an estrogen receptor associated protein that is highly similar to the human OXR1 gene product, which functions in oxidation resistance. OXR genes are conserved among all sequenced eukaryotes from yeast to humans. In this study we examine if NCOA7 has an oxidation resistance function similar to that demonstrated for OXR1. We also examine NCOA7 expression in response to oxidative stress and its subcellular localization in human cells, comparing these properties with those of OXR1. RESULTS: We find that NCOA7, like OXR1 can suppress the oxidative mutator phenotype when expressed in an E. coli strain that exhibits an oxidation specific mutator phenotype. Moreover, NCOA7's oxidation resistance function requires expression of only its carboxyl-terminal domain and is similar in this regard to OXR1. We find that, in human cells, NCOA7 is constitutively expressed and is not induced by oxidative stress and appears to localize to the nucleus following estradiol stimulation. These properties of NCOA7 are in striking contrast to those of OXR1, which is induced by oxidative stress, localizes to mitochondria, and appears to be excluded, or largely absent from nuclei. CONCLUSION: NCOA7 most likely arose from duplication. Like its homologue, OXR1, it is capable of reducing the DNA damaging effects of reactive oxygen species when expressed in bacteria, indicating the protein has an activity that can contribute to oxidation resistance. Unlike OXR1, it appears to localize to nuclei and interacts with the estrogen receptor. This raises the possibility that NCOA7 encodes the nuclear counterpart of the mitochondrial OXR1 protein and in mammalian cells it may reduce the oxidative by-products of estrogen metabolite-mediated DNA damage

Experimental African trypanosome infection suppresses the development of multiple myeloma in mice by inducing intrinsic apoptosis of malignant plasma cells

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). Recently, several studies have highlighted the role of pathogens in either promoting or dampening malignancies of unrelated origin. Trypanosoma brucei is an extracellular protozoan parasite which causes sleeping sickness. Our group has previously demonstrated that trypanosome infection affects effector plasma B cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that T. brucei infection could have an impact on MM development. Using the immunocompetent 5T33MM model, we demonstrated a significant reduction in BM-plasmacytosis and M-protein levels in mice infected with T. brucei, resulting in an increased survival of these mice. Blocking IFN. could only partially abrogate these effects, suggesting that other mechanisms are involved in the destruction of malignant plasma cells. We found that T. brucei induces intrinsic apoptosis of 5T33MM cells in vivo, and that this was associated with reduced endogenous unfolded protein response (UPR) activation. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of IRE1 alpha and PERK was sufficient to induce apoptosis in these cells. Together, these results demonstrate that trypanosome infections can interfere with MM development by suppressing endogenous UPR activation and promoting intrinsic apoptosis