CALM regulates clathrin-coated vesicle size and maturation by directly sensing and driving membrane curvature.

The size of endocytic clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) is remarkably uniform, suggesting that it is optimized to achieve the appropriate levels of cargo and lipid internalization. The three most abundant proteins in mammalian endocytic CCVs are clathrin and the two cargo-selecting, clathrin adaptors, CALM and AP2. Here we demonstrate that depletion of CALM causes a substantial increase in the ratio of "open" clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) to "necked"/"closed" CCVs and a doubling of CCP/CCV diameter, whereas AP2 depletion has opposite effects. Depletion of either adaptor, however, significantly inhibits endocytosis of transferrin and epidermal growth factor. The phenotypic effects of CALM depletion can be rescued by re-expression of wild-type CALM, but not with CALM that lacks a functional N-terminal, membrane-inserting, curvature-sensing/driving amphipathic helix, the existence and properties of which are demonstrated. CALM is thus a major factor in controlling CCV size and maturation and hence in determining the rates of endocytic cargo uptake.S.E.M. and D.J.O. are funded by a Wellcome Trust Fellowship (to D.J.O. no. 090909/Z). N.A.B. is funded by MRC grant MR/M010007/1, and S.H. is funded by a grant from the German Science Foundation (SFB 635, TP A3). D.S. and S.M. acknowledge financial support from the Lundbeck Foundation and the Danish Councils for Independent and Strategic Research. C.J.M. and F.P. were funded by the Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale.This is the final published version. It first appeared at http://www.cell.com/developmental-cell/fulltext/S1534-5807%2815%2900144-6

Robotter i Folkeskolen: Begrundelser, visioner, faktisk brug og udfordringer i normalklasser

I denne rapport præsenter vi resultaterne af et mini-projekt koblet til Technucation-projektet  (2011-2015) med yderligere støtte fra DPU, Aarhus Universitet. I forbindelse med Technucations forskning, og vores øvrige forskning i robotter som fremtidsteknologi, bliver vi opmærksomme på, at mange skoler enten har lånt eller købt robotter i uddannelsesøjemed. Der er mange ambitioner bag robotters indtog i skolerne, ligesom der investeres store summer i det, og mange interessenter er involverede (såsom skoler, kommuner, udviklere, sælgere, fonde mv.).Projektet Robotter i Folkeskolen (RIF) blev igangsat i sommeren 2015 af forskere fra forskningsprogrammet Fremtidsteknologi, Kultur og Læreprocesser, samt en række studenterassistenter fra DPU, Aarhus Universitet. Hovedrapporten har to dele, der er blevet bearbejdet hver for sig: en del der omhandler robotter almenundervisningen og en del der omhandler robotter i specialundervisningen. I denne rapport præsenteres fortrinsvis robotter i almenundervisningen