55 research outputs found
Aging and Lexical Inhibition: The Effect of Orthographic Neighborhood Frequency in Young and Older Adults
The aim of this study was to examine whether the lexical inhibition underlying orthographic neighborhood effects in visual word recognition is changed with aging. To do so, orthographic neighborhood frequency was manipulated for French words that had either no higher frequency neighbor (e.g., taupe), or at least one higher frequency neighbor (e.g., the word loupe has two higher frequency neighbors, coupe and soupe). Young adults (mean age = 20.9 years) and older adults (mean age = 67.8 years) performed a standard lexical decision task. An interaction was found between age group and orthographic neighborhood frequency on word latencies. More precisely, an inhibitory effect of neighborhood frequency was observed for the young adults but not for the older ones. These data are consistent with the assumption of an age-related decline in lexical inhibition and activation. The findings are discussed in the framework of visual word recognition and agin
The Effect of the Balance of Orthographic Neighborhood Distribution in Visual Word Recognition
The present study investigated whether the balance of neighborhood distribution (i.e., the way orthographic neighbors are spread across letter positions) influences visual word recognition. Three word conditions were compared. Word neighbors were either concentrated on one letter position (e.g.,nasse/basse-lasse-tasse-masse) or were unequally spread across two letter positions (e.g.,pelle/celle-selle-telle-perle), or were equally spread across two letter positions (e.g.,litre/titre-vitre-libre-livre). Predictions based on the interactive activation model [McClelland & Rumelhart (1981). Psychological Review, 88, 375-401] were generated by running simulations and were confirmed in the lexical decision task. Data showed that words were more rapidly identified when they had spread neighbors rather than concentrated neighbors. Furthermore, within the set of spread neighbors, words were more rapidly recognized when they had equally rather than unequally spread neighbors. The findings are explained in terms of activation and inhibition processes in the interactive activation framewor
InfoSyll: A Syllabary Providing Statistical Information on Phonological and Orthographic Syllables
here is now a growing body of evidence in various languages supporting the claim that syllables are functional units of visual word processing. In the perspective of modeling the processing of polysyllabic words and the activation of syllables, current studies investigate syllabic effects with subtle manipulations. We present here a syllabary of the French language aiming at answering new constraints when designing experiments on the syllable issue. The InfoSyll syllabary provides exhaustive characteristics and statistical information for each phonological syllable (e.g. /fi/) and for its corresponding orthographic syllables (e.g. fi, phi, phy, fee, fix, fis). Variables such as the type and token positional frequencies, the number and frequencies of the correspondences between orthographic and phonological syllables are provided. As discussed, such computations should allow precise controls, manipulations and quantitative descriptions of syllabic variables in the field of psycholinguistic research.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Prions in Milk from Ewes Incubating Natural Scrapie
Since prion infectivity had never been reported in milk, dairy products originating from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)-affected ruminant flocks currently enter unrestricted into the animal and human food chain. However, a recently published study brought the first evidence of the presence of prions in mammary secretions from scrapie-affected ewes. Here we report the detection of consistent levels of infectivity in colostrum and milk from sheep incubating natural scrapie, several months prior to clinical onset. Additionally, abnormal PrP was detected, by immunohistochemistry and PET blot, in lacteal ducts and mammary acini. This PrPSc accumulation was detected only in ewes harbouring mammary ectopic lymphoid follicles that developed consequent to Maedi lentivirus infection. However, bioassay revealed that prion infectivity was present in milk and colostrum, not only from ewes with such lympho-proliferative chronic mastitis, but also from those displaying lesion-free mammary glands. In milk and colostrum, infectivity could be recovered in the cellular, cream, and casein-whey fractions. In our samples, using a Tg 338 mouse model, the highest per ml infectious titre measured was found to be equivalent to that contained in 6 ”g of a posterior brain stem from a terminally scrapie-affected ewe. These findings indicate that both colostrum and milk from small ruminants incubating TSE could contribute to the animal TSE transmission process, either directly or through the presence of milk-derived material in animal feedstuffs. It also raises some concern with regard to the risk to humans of TSE exposure associated with milk products from ovine and other TSE-susceptible dairy species
InfoSyll: A Syllabary Providing Statistical Information on Phonological and Orthographic Syllables
here is now a growing body of evidence in various languages supporting the claim that syllables are functional units of visual word processing. In the perspective of modeling the processing of polysyllabic words and the activation of syllables, current studies investigate syllabic effects with subtle manipulations. We present here a syllabary of the French language aiming at answering new constraints when designing experiments on the syllable issue. The InfoSyll syllabary provides exhaustive characteristics and statistical information for each phonological syllable (e.g. /fi/) and for its corresponding orthographic syllables (e.g. fi, phi, phy, fee, fix, fis). Variables such as the type and token positional frequencies, the number and frequencies of the correspondences between orthographic and phonological syllables are provided. As discussed, such computations should allow precise controls, manipulations and quantitative descriptions of syllabic variables in the field of psycholinguistic research.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Effect of syllable congruency in sixth graders in the lexical decision task with masked priming
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the syllable in visual recognition of French words in grade 6. To do so, the syllabic congruency effect was examined in the lexical decision task combined with masked priming. Target words were preceded by pseudoword primes sharing the first letters that either corresponded to the syllable (congruent condition) or not (incongruent condition). A reliable syllable congruency was found. Children were faster to recognize words when the prime matched for the first syllable. These results are discussed in interactive activation models including syllables and in the dual-route approach.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Effet dâamorçage syllabique en reconnaissance visuelle de mots chez le jeune lecteur: Oral presentation
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Vieillissement cognitif et accĂšs au lexique (Ă©tude des processus d'activation et d'inhibition)
L objectif du prĂ©sent travail est d une part d Ă©valuer les performances d accĂšs au mot chez des adultes jeunes (M = 22.1 ans) et ĂągĂ©s (M = 68.7 ans) et, d autre part, de prĂ©ciser la fonctionnalitĂ© des processus d activation et d inhibition lexicales avec l Ăąge. Dans le domaine du traitement des mots Ă©crits, six Ă©tudes sont conduites en contrĂŽlant le niveau de vocabulaire des participants. En utilisant des indices lexicaux objectifs et subjectifs adaptĂ©s aux adultes jeunes et ĂągĂ©s (ExpĂ©rience 1a), nous observons une diminution des effets de frĂ©quence objective (ExpĂ©riences 1b-2) et de frĂ©quence du voisinage orthographique avec l Ăąge (ExpĂ©rience 4) dans la tĂąche de dĂ©cision lexicale. D autres donnĂ©es, obtenues avec cette tĂąche, prĂ©cisent que la modification de l effet de frĂ©quence du voisinage avec l Ăąge est sensible Ă la familiaritĂ© des mots (ExpĂ©riences 5-6), recueillie auprĂšs d adultes jeunes et ĂągĂ©s (ExpĂ©rience 3). Dans le domaine de la production langagiĂšre orale, deux Ă©tudes utilisant un paradigme d induction de Mot sur le Bout de la Langue (MBL) sont menĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que le nombre de MBL augmente avec l Ăąge (ExpĂ©rience 7), indĂ©pendamment du niveau de vocabulaire. De plus, traiter un mot liĂ© en son Ă la cible facilite autant sa rĂ©cupĂ©ration chez les adultes jeunes et ĂągĂ©s, tandis que traiter un mot liĂ© en sens Ă la cible gĂȘne sa rĂ©cupĂ©ration, et ce d autant plus que les adultes sont ĂągĂ©s (ExpĂ©rience 8). Dans l ensemble, l hypothĂšse combinĂ©e d un dĂ©ficit d activation et d inhibition, mise en lien avec les caractĂ©ristiques langagiĂšres des populations, permet de rendre compte de la modification des performances lexicales avec l Ăąge.The aim of this study is to evaluate word access performances of young (M = 22.1 years) and older (M = 68.7 years) adults, and to specify possible changes in lexical activation and inhibition processes with aging. In the field of written word processing, six studies were conducted in which the participant vocabulary level was controlled. When using objective and subjective lexical measures appropriated to young and older adults (Experiment 1a), an age-related decreased was found for the objective frequency effect (Experiments 1b-2) and for the orthographic neighborhood frequency effect (Experiment 4) in the lexical decision task. Other data from this task indicated that the age-related change in the neighborhood frequency effect was sensitive to word familiarity ratings (Experiments 5-6) collected from young and older adults (Experiment 3). In field of the oral language production, two studies were run with a paradigm for inducing tip of the tongue (TOT) states. The results indicated that the number of TOT increased with aging (Experiment 7), which was not due to the vocabulary level. In addition, processing a word phonologically related to the target facilitated its recovery in young and older adults while processing a word semantically related to the target hindered its recovery, more for the older that for the young adults (Experiment 8). Overall, the combined hypothesis of activation and inhibition deficits, associated with linguistic characteristics of populations, can account for lexical performance changes with aging.BORDEAUX2-Bib. Ă©lectronique (335229905) / SudocSudocFranceF
Priming French words with syllabic neighbors: An effect in the lexical decision task: Poster
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe
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