CARACTERIZAÇÃO E CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE SOLOS DA BACIA\ud DO RIO TAQUARI NO PANTANAL SUL-MATO-GROSSENSE

Among the soils in the Mato Grosso do Sul, stand out in the Pantanal biome, the Spodosols. Despite being recorded in considerable extensions, few studies aiming to characterize and classify these soils were performed. The purpose of this study was to characterize and classify soils in three areas of two physiographic types in the Taquari river basin: bay and flooded fields. Two trenches were opened in the bay area (P1 and P2) and two in the flooded field (P3 and P4). The third area (saline) with high sodium levels was sampled for further studies. In the soils in both areas the sand fraction was predominant and the texture from sand to sandy loam, with the main constituent quartz. In the bay area, the soil organic carbon in the surface layer (P1) was (OC) > 80 g kg(-1), being diagnosed as Histic epipedon. In the other profiles the surface horizons had low OC levels which, associated with other properties, classified them as Ochric epipedons. In the soils of the bay area (P1 and P2), the pH ranged from 5.0 to 7.5, associated with dominance of Ca2+ and Mg2+, with base saturation above 50 % in some horizons. In the flooded fields (P3 and P4) the soil pH ranged from 4.9 to 5.9, H+ contents were high in the surface horizons (0.8-10.5 cmol(c) kg(-1)), Ca2+ and Mg-2 contents ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 cmol(c) kg(-1) and base saturation was < 50 %. In the soils of the bay area (P1 and P2) iron was accumulated (extracted by dithionite - Fed) and OC in the spodic horizon; in the P3 and P4 soils only Fed was accumulated (in the subsurface layers). According to the criteria adopted by the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS) at the subgroup level, the soils were classified as: P1: Organic Hydromorphic Ferrohumiluvic Spodosol. P2: Typical Orthic Ferrohumiluvic Spodosol. P3: Typical Hydromorphic Ferroluvic Spodosol. P4: Arenic Orthic Ferroluvic Spodosol.Dentre os solos existentes no Mato Grosso do Sul, destacam-se no Bioma Pantanal, os Espodossolos. Apesar de serem verificados em extensões consideráveis, poucos estudos com objetivo de caracterização e classificação desses solos foram realizados. Objetivou-se caracterizar e classificar solos de três feições fisiográficas da bacia do rio Taquari: baía e campos de inundação. Foram abertas duas trincheiras na área de baía (P1 e P2) e duas na de campos de inundação (P3 e P4). A terceira feição (salinas) foi amostrada para estudos posteriores, por apresentar altos teores de sódio. Nos solos estudados, nas duas áreas houve predomínio da fração areia, com textura variando de areia a franco-arenosa, sendo o principal constituinte o quartzo. Na área de baía o horizonte superficial (P1) apresentou teor de carbono orgânico (CO) maior que 80 g kg-1, sendo diagnosticado como H hístico. Para os demais perfis, os horizontes superficiais apresentaram baixos teores de CO, o que, em associação com outros atributos, fez com que eles fossem diagnosticados como A moderado. Nos solos da área de baía (P1 e P2) os valores de pH variaram de 5,0 a 7,5, associados à dominância dos íons Ca2+ e Mg2+, com saturação por bases, em alguns horizontes, maior que 50 %. Na área de campos de inundação, os solos (P3 e P4) mostraram valores de pH variando de 4,9 a 5,9, elevados valores de H+ nos horizontes superficiais (0,8 a 10,5 cmolc kg-1), valores de Ca2+ + Mg2+ variando de 0,4 a 0,8 cmolc kg-1 e saturação por bases maior que 50 %. Nos solos da área de baía (P1 e P2) ocorreu acúmulo de Fe, extraído por ditionito (Fed), e CO no horizonte espódico; e nos solos de campos de inundação (P3 e P4) houve acúmulo somente de Fed (nos horizontes subsuperficiais). De acordo com critérios adotados pelo Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (SiBCS), em nível de subgrupo os solos foram classificados como: P1: Espodossolo Ferri-humilúvico hidromórfico organossólico, P2: Espodossolo Ferri-humilúvico órtico típico, P3: Espodossolo Ferrilúvico hidromórfico típico e P4: Espodossolo Ferrilúvico órtico espessarênico.FUNDECT (Foundation for the Development of Education, Science and technology of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul) - FUNDECT / CNPq [02/2007-PPP]UEMS (State University of Mato Grosso do Sul)CNPq (National Council of Scientific and Technological Development) [620029/20080

Genesis and variation spatial of Podzol in depressions of the Barreiras formation, northeastern Espírito Santo State, Brazil, and its implications for Quaternary climate change

Variations in relief associated with pedogenetic processes promote different intensities in weathering of sediments of the Barreiras Formation and may thus lead to the formation of different soil types, like Podzols, Acrisols and Ferralsols. The Podzols of tropical regions contain important information on climate and vegetation changes that occurred mainly in late Pleistocene and Holocene; however few studied, regarding their spatial variation, that can be investigated through ground penetrating radar (GPR). The aim was to study morphological, physical, chemical, stable C isotopic properties and spatial distribution of soils within depressions of the Barreiras Formation and characterize the 14C chronology of two Podzols and their B spodic horizons, along a transect grassland to forest in northeastern Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The profiles encompass a sequence of A-E-Bhm horizons, except for P3 and P6 with histic H and A-Bt, respectively. The GPR images showed patterns corresponding to these soil horizons, and the GPR data reveal the presence of diagnostic subsurface horizons characteristic of spodic horizons with cemented layers. The influence of relief factors and original materials was observed, associated with ferrolysis and podzolisation as main actors in the genesis of soils studied. The monomorphic organic matter filling the voids evidences the processes of imobilization, illuviation and precipitation, with the genesis of the spodic horizon. The Podzols profiles of Pleistocene organic matter ages accumulated compounds of C3 plants from the vegetation cover in the B spodic horizons of the profiles P4 and P1, since at least 14,251 and 38,890 cal BP, respectively, suggesting the dominance of a humid climate at least during the studied period in the region

VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL DE ATRIBUTOS QUÍMICOS DO SOLO E PRODUTIVIDADE DA SOJA

A agricultura de precisão é uma ferramenta de gerenciamento em constante crescimento. Com o intuito de avaliar o efeito de 12 anos de agricultura de precisão sobre os atributos químicos de solo e sua correlação com a produtividade, foram realizadas de análises de geoestatísticas por meio de técnica de krigagem para estimar a variabilidade do talhão estudado no solo Latossolo vermelho-escuro de textura argilosa, além de correlacionar produtividade da soja com a disponibilidade de nutrientes. Foi constatado que houve baixa variabilidade de elementos químicos na camada de 0-20 cm, indicando que a disponibilidade desses nutrientes encontra-se em níveis adequados, porém na camada de 20-40 cm essa disponibilidade de nutrientes é mais restrita aumentando a variabilidade, mas não interferindo na produtividade da soja. O uso da agricultura de precisão e aplicações em taxa variável surtiu efeito quanto à redução na variabilidade espacial do solo, bem como no aumento de produtividade com uso racional de insumos agrícolas e impactos ambientais

ORGANIC COMPOST AND MYCORRHIZAL INOCULATION ON PHYSIC NUT SEEDLINGS COMPOSTO ORGÂNICO E INOCULAÇÃO MICORRÍZICA NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE PINHÃO MANSO

&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; text-decoration: none;" lang="pt-BR" align="JUSTIFY"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Physic nut species has shown great potential for biofuel production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glomus clarum&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; and the application of organic compost on the growth and phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;absorption,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; in physic nut seedlings. A randomized experimental blocks design, in a 5x2 factorial scheme, was used, with the evaluation of organic compost levels (0 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;, 15 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;, 30 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;, 60 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;, and 120 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;) and presence or absence of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glomus clarum&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;, with four replications. Physic nut seedlings inoculated with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glomus clarum&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; presented, at levels of 15 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;of organic compost, the lowest height (20%), 120 days after sowing. However, the basal diameter increased, at levels of 30 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; (21%) and 120 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; (33%) of organic compost, 60 days after sowing. Only in the treatment with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glomus clarum&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;, physic nut seedlings showed increasing linear regression adjustment in the dry matter of stem (R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; = 0.99), aerial part (R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; = 0.98), roots (R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; = 0.95), and whole plant (R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; = 0.97), depending on the organic compost levels. Physic nut seedlings inoculated with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glomus clarum&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; showed increases in P content of the aerial part of 93%, 37%, 57%, and 51%, for levels of 15 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;, 30 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;, 60 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;, and 120 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; of organic compost, respectively. For the N content, such increases were 50% and 45%, at levels of 0 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; and 60 t ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; of organic compost, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; text-decoration: none;" lang="pt-BR" align="JUSTIFY"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;KEY-WORDS: &lt;em&gt;Jatropha curcas&lt;/em&gt; L.; biofuel; &lt;em&gt;Glomus clarum&lt;/em&gt;; seedlings quality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br>&lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; text-decoration: none;" lang="pt-BR" align="JUSTIFY"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;A esp&amp;eacute;cie pinh&amp;atilde;o manso t&amp;ecirc;m se mostrado bastante promissora para a produ&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de biodiesel. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da inocula&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o do fungo micorr&amp;iacute;zico arbuscular &lt;em&gt;Glomus clarum&lt;/em&gt; e da aplica&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de composto org&amp;acirc;nico sobre o crescimento e absor&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de f&amp;oacute;sforo (P) e nitrog&amp;ecirc;nio (N), em mudas de pinh&amp;atilde;o manso. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2, sendo avaliados os fatores doses de composto org&amp;acirc;nico (0 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, 15 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, 30 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, 60 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; e 120 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) e presen&amp;ccedil;a ou aus&amp;ecirc;ncia do inoculante &lt;em&gt;Glomus clarum&lt;/em&gt;, com quatro repeti&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es. As mudas de pinh&amp;atilde;o manso inoculadas com &lt;em&gt;Glomus clarum &lt;/em&gt;apresentaram, na dose de 15 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; de composto org&amp;acirc;nico, menor altura (20%), aos 120 dias ap&amp;oacute;s a semeadura. No entanto, o di&amp;acirc;metro, &amp;agrave; altura do colo, foi maior, nas doses de 30 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; (21%) e 120 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; (33%) de composto org&amp;acirc;nico, aos 60 dias ap&amp;oacute;s a semeadura. Apenas no tratamento com &lt;em&gt;Glomus Clarum&lt;/em&gt;, mudas de pinh&amp;atilde;o manso apresentaram ajuste de regress&amp;atilde;o linear crescente, na mat&amp;eacute;ria seca de caule (R&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;= 0,99), parte a&amp;eacute;rea (R&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;= 0,98), ra&amp;iacute;zes (R&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;= 0,95) e planta inteira (R&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;= 0,97), em fun&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o das doses de composto org&amp;acirc;nico. Mudas de pinh&amp;atilde;o manso inoculadas com &lt;em&gt;Glomus clarum&lt;/em&gt; apresentaram incrementos nos teores de P da parte a&amp;eacute;rea de 93%, 37%, 57% e 51%, para as doses de 15 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, 30 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, 60 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; e 120 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; de composto org&amp;acirc;nico, respectivamente. Para os teores de N, tal incremento foi de 50% e 45%, nas doses de 0 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;e 60 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; de composto org&amp;acirc;nico, respectivamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; text-decoration: none;" lang="pt-BR" align="JUSTIFY"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;PALAVRAS-CHAVE: &lt;em&gt;Jatropha curcas &lt;/em&gt;L.; biocombust&amp;iacute;vel; &lt;em&gt;Glomus clarum&lt;/em&gt;; qualidade de mudas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora