Construction of a quasi static transducer of mechanical load at magnetic properties, applied on (Fe0.8Al0.2)98B2 alloy

No presente trabalho, foi construído um transdutor para medir as variações da indução magnética (B) e magnetostricção (?) de materiais ferromagnéticos macios em função de campo magnético aplicado (H) (voltagem V) e tensões mecânicas (?). O transdutor possui duas bobinas de excitação ligadas a uma fonte de corrente/voltagem (para aplicar o campo magnético no elemento magnetostrictivo) e um núcleo magnético, para concentrar o fluxo magnético no material ferromagnético. A magnetostricção é medida por extensômetria, a tensão mecânica é aplicada por uma máquina de ensaios universal (EMIC), a indução magnética é medida utilizando uma bobina de captura conectada a um fluxímetro e a aquisição dos dados foi realizada por um programa em Labview. O sistema mede curvas de M vs V e ? vs V para ? constante e também M vs ? e ? vs ? para V constante. A partir dessas curvas, é possível adquirir a sensibilidade do material e analisar a sua viabilidade em aplicações como sensores e atuadores. Utilizando este transdutor, foi possível caracterizar uma liga de FeAlB e comparar com uma amostra de GALFENOL, que é o material mais usado desta classe. As ligas apresentam sensibilidades (acima de 10 MPa) da ordem de 0,020 T/MPa para o GALFENOL e 0,012 T/MPa para a liga de FeAlB. Considerando que a liga de FeAlB não apresenta a melhor composição química, há muitas coisas para estudar ainda, como diferentes composições químicas e o processamento adequado para obter a textura desejada.In the present research, a transducer was built to measure the changes of magnetic induction (B) and magnetostriction (?) for soft ferromagnetic materials in function of applied magnetic field (H) (voltage V) and mechanical stress (?).The transducer comprises two excitation coils connected at a current/voltage supply (to apply the magnetic field in the magnetostrictive element) and a magnetic core, to concentrate the magnetic flux in the ferromagnetic material. The magnetostriction is measured by strain gauges, the mechanical stress is applied by a material test system (EMIC), the magnetic induction is measured using a pick-up coil connected to a fluxmeter and the acquisition of the data was measured by a Labview software. These systems measure the curve B vs. V and ? vs. V for constant ? and B vs. ? e ? vs. ? for constant V. From this curves, it is possible to acquire the material´s sensibility and analyse the feasibility of then in application like sensor and actuators. Using this transducer, it was possible to characterize a FeAlB alloy and to compare it with a GALFENOL sample, which is the most used material of this class. The alloys show sensibility (up to 10 MPa) about 0,020 T/MPa to the GALFENOL and 0,012 T/MPa to FeAlB alloy. If we consider that the FeAlB alloy does not have the best chemical composition to reach the higher magnetostriction, there is a lot o thing to study, like different composition and the appropriate processing to obtain the desired texture

Modeling the Effect of Compressive Stress on Hysteresis Loop of Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel

Modeling of hysteresis loops may be useful for the designers of magnetic circuits in electric machines. The present paper focuses on the possibility to apply the Harrison model to describe hysteresis loops of grain-oriented electrical steel subject to compressive stress. The model extension is achieved by introduction of an additional term into the equation that describes irreversible magnetization process. The extension term does not include a product of stress and magnetization, as could be anticipated from Sablik’s theory, applicable, e.g., to the Jiles–Atherton model. The present contribution points out the fundamental differences between the two aforementioned modeling approaches, which are based on different philosophies despite some apparent similarities. The modeling results are in a qualitative agreement with the experimental results obtained from a single sheet tester for a representative commercially available grain-oriented electrical steel grade 0.27 mm thick

Optimization of the piezomagnetic properties of Fe-Al-B alloys for use in the force actuators and sensors

Materiais magnetostrictivos, como o TERFENOL-D (Tb0,27-0,30Dy0,73-0,70Fe2) e o GALFENOL (Fe72-82Ga18-28), são aplicados em diversos tipos de atuadores, sensores e coletores de energia. Contudo, existe a necessidade de novos materiais que sejam mais baratos, ambientalmente amigáveis e com melhores propriedades mecânicas. Por essa razão, as ligas de Fe-Al são uma alternativa, já que o alumínio é mais abundante na natureza e é sete vezes mais barato que o gálio. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a influência de dois tratamentos termomecânicos nas propriedades magnéticas das ligas (Fe1-xAlx)98,4B1,6, onde x = 0,18; 0,13 e 0,21. No primeiro processamento, as ligas foram submetidas a um tratamento térmico sob compressão para introduzir uma anisotropia magnetocristalina extrínseca. Para compressões de até 180 MPa, as ligas tratadas sob tensão obtiveram valores de magnetostricção e dos coeficientes piezomagnéticos maiores que o das ligas sem tratamento. Ou seja, este processamento aumentou a sensibilidade das ligas como atuador (d33) e sensor (d33 *). No segundo processamento termomecânico, amostras com formato de chapa foram laminadas e tratadas termicamente para induzir um crescimento anormal de grãos e consequentemente uma textura. Embora não tenha ocorrido crescimento de grão anormal durante o tratamento térmico, os valores de magnetostricção foram maiores que o das amostras como fundidas. Ambos processamentos termomecânicos foram efetivos para melhorar as propriedades magnéticas e a liga (Fe0,87Al0,13)98,4B1,6 foi a que obteve os maiores valores de magnetostricção e dos coeficientes piezomagnéticos. Em outras palavras, dentre as ligas estudadas, esta composição foi mais promissora para ser aplicada em atuadores e sensores.Magnetostrictive materials, like TERFENOL-D (Tb0.27-0.30Dy0.73-0.70Fe2) and GALFENOL (Fe72-82Ga18-28), are applied in several types of sensors, actuators and energy harvesting. Nevertheless, there is the necessity of new materials that are cheaper, environmentally friendly and with good mechanical properties. For that reason, the Fe-Al alloys are an alternative, since the aluminum is more abundant in nature and is seven times cheaper than gallium. The goal of this work is to study the influence of two thermomechanical proceeding at magnetic properties of the (Fe1- xAlx)98.4B1.6 alloys, which x = 0.18; 0.13 e 0.21. At the first proceeding, the alloys were submitted to a stress annealing to introduce an extrinsic magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Up to 180 MPa of compression stress, stress annealed alloys have magnetostriction and piezomagnetic coefficient values higher than the alloys without annealing. In other words, this proceeding increased the alloys sensibility to be applied like actuators (d33) and sensors (d33 *). At the second thermomechanical proceeding, samples with sheet format were rolled and annealed to induce an abnormal grain growth and, consequently, a texture. Although the annealing not produced an abnormal grain growth, the magnetostriction values are higher than for the as-cast samples. Both proceedings were efficient to improve the magnetic properties and the (Fe0.87Al0.13)98.4B1.6 alloy achieved the higher values of magnetostriction and piezomagnetic coefficient. In another words, between the studied alloys, this composition was the most promising to be applied like actuators and sensors

Modeling the Effect of Compressive Stress on Hysteresis Loop of Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel

Modeling of hysteresis loops may be useful for the designers of magnetic circuits in electric machines. The present paper focuses on the possibility to apply the Harrison model to describe hysteresis loops of grain-oriented electrical steel subject to compressive stress. The model extension is achieved by introduction of an additional term into the equation that describes irreversible magnetization process. The extension term does not include a product of stress and magnetization, as could be anticipated from Sablik’s theory, applicable, e.g., to the Jiles–Atherton model. The present contribution points out the fundamental differences between the two aforementioned modeling approaches, which are based on different philosophies despite some apparent similarities. The modeling results are in a qualitative agreement with the experimental results obtained from a single sheet tester for a representative commercially available grain-oriented electrical steel grade 0.27 mm thick

Study of the fracture behavior of mortar and concretes with crushed rock or pebble aggregates

The objective of this work was to compare the fracture energy of mortar and concretes produced with crushed rock and pebble aggregates using zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of aggregates mixed with standard mortar and applying the wedge splitting method to achieve stable crack propagation. The samples were cast in a special mold and cured for 28 days, after which they were subjected to crack propagation tests by the wedge splitting method to determine the fracture energies of the mortar and concrete. The concretes showed higher fracture energy than the mortar, and the concretes containing crushed rock showed higher resistance to crack propagation than all the compositions containing pebbles. The fracture energy varied from 38 to 55 J.m-2. A comparison of the number of aggregates that separated from the two concrete matrices with the highest fracture energies indicated that the concrete containing pebbles crumbled more easily and was therefore less resistant to crack propagation

Mechanical, Magnetic, and Microstructural Characterization of Ni0.9Co0.1Fe2O4 Produced by the Ceramic Method

<div><p>Ni-Co ferrites, especially the ones with lower cobalt fractions, are candidate materials for applications in magnetomechanical sensors and electromagnetic wave absorbers. This work studied the microstructure, magnetostriction, flexural strength, and complex magnetic permeability of Ni0.9Co0.1Fe2O4, presenting data that weren't covered by previous literature on this composition. It was found that sieving the calcined powder before the forming operation increased the flexural strength of the ceramic. The Ni-Co ferrite had a saturation magnetostriction of 36ppm. The real part of the complex magnetic permeability varied between 2.2-2.3 in frequencies from 100MHz to 1GHz. In frequencies higher than 1GHz, µ' decreased sharply and reached 1 at 3.9GHz. It was found that the grinding media provided a small fraction of Al to the ferrite composition, which apparently affected the complex magnetic permeability of the material but the magnetostriction results were very close to Al-free Ni-Co ferrites with similar composition.</p></div