Flow separation detector

An arrangement for sensing the fluid separation along a surface which employs a thermally insulating element having a continuous surface blending into and forming a part of the fluid flow surface is described. A sudden decrease in the temperature of the downstream sensor conductor and concomitant increase in the temperature of the upstream sensor conductor is an indication of the separation. When the temperatures are returned to the state achieved during normal flow, the indicator thereby indicates the normal, attached fluid flow. The conductors may be, for example, wires or thin films, and should be within the viscous sub-layer of the expected fluid flow. A single heater and several pairs of sensors and corresponding sensor conductors may be used to detect not only the fluid flow and the separation, but the direction of the fluid flow, over the fluid flow surface

Real Property - Landlord and Tenant - Lessor\u27s Arbitrary Withholding of Consent to Sublease

Defendant leased a portion of plaintiff\u27s building for a seven-year period. Contained in the lease was a covenant whereby the lessee agreed not to assign or sublet without the lessor\u27s consent. One year prior to the expiration date of the lease, the defendant gave notice of his intention to vacate and submitted to the plaintiff a proposed sublease under which the premises would be rented to the Postmaster General of the United States. The plaintiff stipulated that the proposed sublessee was ready, able, and willing to assume the obligations of the original lease and was a proper sublessee in every respect. The plaintiff refused to consent to the subletting and, after the expiration date of the lease, brought suit for rent. Defendant asserted that it was the lessor\u27s duty to lessen his damages by consenting to the sublease. On appeal from summary judgment for plaintiff, held, affirmed. The lessor does not have the duty to mitigate damages and may arbitrarily refuse to accept a subtenant. The lessor may recover from the lessee the full rental due. Gruman v. Investors Diversified Services, (Minn. 1956) 78 N.W. (2d) 377

Agency - Liability of Principal for Termination of Agents Employment

In the summer of 1949, appellant entered into an oral contract for an indefinite time with the appellee whereby the former was granted an exclusive wholesale distributorship of appellee\u27s farm and garden equipment. A four-year period followed in which appellant increased the number of dealers in appellee\u27s product from four or five in 1949 to over one hundred in 1953. In the latter part of 1952 appellant contemplated an enlargement of its facilities which would require it to enter upon a fifteen-year lease. Since the lessor desired some assurances as to the duration of appellant\u27s franchise, appellant wrote to appellee asking for such assurance and setting forth the intended lease arrangement. In its reply, appellee gave no definite assurance of the permanency of the distributorship arrangement, but did express its belief in a continuation of the relationship. Appellant executed the lease. In September 1953 appellant undertook to sell equipment that appellee considered to be in competition with its products. The distributorship contract was canceled, and appellee took over the territory and distributed its products through many of the dealerships that had been established by the appellant. Appellee sued to collect on an open account, and appellant counterclaimed for damages for unlawful cancellation of its contract. A jury awarded appellant damages, but the district court rendered judgment n.o.v. for the appellee. On appeal, held, reversed and remanded for jury determination. The manufacturer may not terminate the agreement at will, even though the contract contains no provision for its termination, but must retain the agent in employment for a reasonable period of time. Allied Equipment Co. v. Weber Engineered Products, (4th Cir. 1956) 237 F. (2d) 879

Constitutional Law - Due Process - Right of Witness to Counsel Before State Investigatory Officer

After a fire occurred on the premises of appellants\u27 corporation, the state fire marshal started an investigation into the causes of the fire, and subpoenaed appellants to appear as witnesses. Ohio law provides that such investigations may be conducted in private and gives the fire marshal power to punish summarily witnesses who refuse to testify. Appellants refused to testify without the presence of their counsel, who had accompanied them to the place of questioning. Appellants were thereafter committed to the county jail by the deputy fire marshal who conducted the investigation. On appeal from denial of a writ of habeas corpus by the Ohio Supreme Court, appellants asserted that the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment gave them a right to have the assistance of their own counsel in giving testimony. The appellants disavowed making any direct attack on the fire marshal\u27s power to punish summarily. Held, in a five to four decision, the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not require that appellants be allowed assistance of counsel in giving testimony as witnesses at a proceeding conducted by the state to investigate the causes of a fire. In re Groban, 352 U.S. 330 (1957)

A hot-wire surface gage for skin friction and separation detection measurements

A heated-element, skin-friction gage employing a very low thermal conductivity support is described. It is shown that the effective dimension of the gage in the stream direction in only 0.06 mm, including the effects of heat conduction in the supporting material. Because of its small size, the calibration of the gage is independent of the kind of boundary-layer flow (whether laminar or turbulent) and is insensitive to pressure gradients. Construction tolerances can be maintained so that a single universal calibration can be applied. Multiple gages, sufficiently closely spaced so as to interfere with each other, are shown to provide accurate determinations of the locations of the points of boundary-layer separation and reattachment

Amanda McKittrick Ros and the Inklings

On the connection between Amanda McKittrick Ros, frequently hailed as one of the worst writers to ever set pen to paper, and the Inklings, who would compete to see who could read aloud from her oeuvre the longest with a straight face. Considers Ros’s lasting appeal and the peculiarity of her genius

EXTREME PRICING GOES VIRAL: LESSONS FOR TEACHING PRICE CONTROLS

Price controls are a popular topic among students. However, the effects of implementing price controls are not as straightforward as students typically expect, especially the unintended consequences that students tend to overlook. This paper provides three teaching guides designed to teach price controls which can be easily implemented in an introductory-level economics course. We build on the work of Geerling et al. (2023c) by using short-form viral videos from popular platforms such as YouTube and TikTok, which match the streaming and content medium of choice for Gen Z. The use of celebrities and social media influencers make abstract teaching moments more relatable to students. As such, this paper offers a unique opportunity for creatively teaching economics to a new generation of students

Your Place in Space: Classroom Experiment on Spatial Location Theory

The authors detail an urban economics experiment that is easily run in the classroom. The experiment has a flexible design that allows the instructor to explore how congestion, zoning, public transportation, and taxation levels determine the bid-rent function. Heterogeneous agents in the experiment compete for land use utilizing a simple auction mechanism. Using the data that is collected, a bid-rent function is derived, and the experimental treatment is altered over the course of three sessions to uncover core concepts in urban economics. Moreover, this provides a tangible experience that can be used to help undergraduates relate to urban issues such as the steep rent gradient found around many larger colleges and universities.