Role of marine microorganisms in sulphur cycling

Autotrofni organizmi mogu iz anorganskih tvari primljenih iz okoliša sintetizirati organske spojeve koristeći se svjetlosnom energijom (fototrofi) ili kemijskom energijom oslobođenom u različitim kemijskim reakcijama (kemoautotrofi). Kemoautotrofni organizmi su sumporne, nitrifikacijske, željezne, manganske, metanske, ugljik monoksidne bakterije i bakterije praskavog plina. Sumporne bakterije žive u sedimentima stajačica i u sumpornim vrelima, gdje transformiraju velike količine sumporovodika. Mogu oksidirati sumporovodik koji nastaje pri razgradnji organskog materijala ili pri redukciji sulfata. Tu reakciju provode Beggiatoa i Thiotrix. Vrste roda Thiobacillus mogu osim sumporovodika, sulfida i sumpora do sulfata oksidirati i druge sumporne spojeve, dok Desulfovibrio koristi sulfat kao akceptor elektrona tijekom oksidajice uz različite donore elektrona. Publicirani istraživački rad u talogu gipsa pokazuje vertikalnu raspodjelu sumpornih bakterija pomoću mikrosenzora za ispitivanje kisika, pH i sulfida, čime je utvrđen sastav i aktivnost sulfat reducirajućih bakterija.Autotrophic organisms are receiving inorganic substances from the environment to synthesize organic compounds using light energy (phototrophic) or by chemical energy released in various chemical reactions (chemoautotrophic). Chemoautotrophic organisms transform sulfur, nitrogen, iron, manganese and carbon. Sulfur bacteria live on the muddy bottom of sediments, in sulfur springs, generally in places where they transform hydrogen sulphide. They can oxidize compounds containing sulfur, such as hydrogen sulfide, which occurs during decomposition of organic material or the reduction of sulfate. This reaction is carried out by Beggiatoa and Thiothrix. Thiobacillus can oxidize hydrogen, sulfide, sulfate and other sulfur compounds, while Desulfovibrio is a sulfate-reducing bacteria using sulfate as an electron acceptor during oxidation of different electron donors. The published case study int he gypsum crust, vertical distribution of phototrophic, sulfate reducers and methanogens in salinities of 156 and 206 g/L was examined using microsensors for oxygen, pH and sulfide. Community of sulfate reducing bacteria varied with the depth of the crust and their diversity was lower as the salinity increased

Analysisof cetacean mortality from 1990 until 2016 in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea

Cilj ovoga rada je prikazati razloge uginuća kitova (Cetacea) u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskog mora gdje će dobiveni rezultati imati značajan doprinos u razumijevanju uginuća kitova te će se moći primijeniti u razvoju mjera za očuvanje ovih zaštićenih životinja radi pravodobnog otkrivanja i uklanjanja čimbenika koji bi ugrozili njihovo preživljavanje. Ovim radom obrađeni su podaci o uginuću 380 kitova pronađenih u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskog mora od listopada 1990. do prosinca 2016. godine. U ovom vremenskom razdoblju, prijavljeno je najviše dojava o dobrom dupinu (Tursiops truncatus), 283, zatim o plavobijelom dupinu (Stenella coeruleoalba), 30, glavatom dupinu (Grampus griseus), 10, krupnozubom dupinu (Ziphius cavirostris), 4, dok najmanje o velikom sjevernom kitu (Balaenoptera physalus), samo 2 dojave, stoga se može zaključiti da je jedino dobri dupin rezidentni stanovnik Jadranskoga mora a najzastupljeniji nerezidentni kit je plavobijeli dupin. U Jadranskom moru ugibaju pretežno odrasli dobri dupini i plavobijeli dupini, a smrtnost mužjaka i ženki gotovo je podjednaka u obje vrste. Najčešći uzrok uginuća u jedniki kod kojih se uzrok mogao utvrditi je antropogeni utjecaj (54%), što je uključivalo usputni ulov, ozljede od ribolovnog alata, podvodna eksplozija, strijelne rane, udarac. Najčešći ostali uzroci uginuća bili su hernija, zarazna bolest izazvana morbilivirusom i teška parazitoza.The aim of this master thesis is to investigate causes of death of cetaceans in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea, where the obtained results will have a significant contribution in understanding of mortality of whales and will be applicable in the development of measures to preserve these endangered species due to revelation and removal of certain factors that would endanger their survival. In this timeframe, 283 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), had been reported, following with 30 striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), 10 Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), 4 Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) and 2 fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), so it can be concluded that bottlenose dolphin is the only resident species in the Adriatic Sea while the most prominent non-resident whale is striped dolphin. In the Adriatic Sea, predominantly died bottlenose dolphin and striped dolphin adults, while gender is equally represented. The mortality of males and females is equal in bottlenose and striped dolphins. The most common cause of death in the species whose cause of death was identified, is anthropogenic activity (54%), including incidental catch, fishing gear injury, underwater explosion, gunshot wounds and bumps. The other most common causes of death were hernia, contagious disease probably caused by morbillivirus and severe parasitosis

Role of marine microorganisms in sulphur cycling

Autotrofni organizmi mogu iz anorganskih tvari primljenih iz okoliša sintetizirati organske spojeve koristeći se svjetlosnom energijom (fototrofi) ili kemijskom energijom oslobođenom u različitim kemijskim reakcijama (kemoautotrofi). Kemoautotrofni organizmi su sumporne, nitrifikacijske, željezne, manganske, metanske, ugljik monoksidne bakterije i bakterije praskavog plina. Sumporne bakterije žive u sedimentima stajačica i u sumpornim vrelima, gdje transformiraju velike količine sumporovodika. Mogu oksidirati sumporovodik koji nastaje pri razgradnji organskog materijala ili pri redukciji sulfata. Tu reakciju provode Beggiatoa i Thiotrix. Vrste roda Thiobacillus mogu osim sumporovodika, sulfida i sumpora do sulfata oksidirati i druge sumporne spojeve, dok Desulfovibrio koristi sulfat kao akceptor elektrona tijekom oksidajice uz različite donore elektrona. Publicirani istraživački rad u talogu gipsa pokazuje vertikalnu raspodjelu sumpornih bakterija pomoću mikrosenzora za ispitivanje kisika, pH i sulfida, čime je utvrđen sastav i aktivnost sulfat reducirajućih bakterija.Autotrophic organisms are receiving inorganic substances from the environment to synthesize organic compounds using light energy (phototrophic) or by chemical energy released in various chemical reactions (chemoautotrophic). Chemoautotrophic organisms transform sulfur, nitrogen, iron, manganese and carbon. Sulfur bacteria live on the muddy bottom of sediments, in sulfur springs, generally in places where they transform hydrogen sulphide. They can oxidize compounds containing sulfur, such as hydrogen sulfide, which occurs during decomposition of organic material or the reduction of sulfate. This reaction is carried out by Beggiatoa and Thiothrix. Thiobacillus can oxidize hydrogen, sulfide, sulfate and other sulfur compounds, while Desulfovibrio is a sulfate-reducing bacteria using sulfate as an electron acceptor during oxidation of different electron donors. The published case study int he gypsum crust, vertical distribution of phototrophic, sulfate reducers and methanogens in salinities of 156 and 206 g/L was examined using microsensors for oxygen, pH and sulfide. Community of sulfate reducing bacteria varied with the depth of the crust and their diversity was lower as the salinity increased

Role of marine microorganisms in sulphur cycling

Autotrofni organizmi mogu iz anorganskih tvari primljenih iz okoliša sintetizirati organske spojeve koristeći se svjetlosnom energijom (fototrofi) ili kemijskom energijom oslobođenom u različitim kemijskim reakcijama (kemoautotrofi). Kemoautotrofni organizmi su sumporne, nitrifikacijske, željezne, manganske, metanske, ugljik monoksidne bakterije i bakterije praskavog plina. Sumporne bakterije žive u sedimentima stajačica i u sumpornim vrelima, gdje transformiraju velike količine sumporovodika. Mogu oksidirati sumporovodik koji nastaje pri razgradnji organskog materijala ili pri redukciji sulfata. Tu reakciju provode Beggiatoa i Thiotrix. Vrste roda Thiobacillus mogu osim sumporovodika, sulfida i sumpora do sulfata oksidirati i druge sumporne spojeve, dok Desulfovibrio koristi sulfat kao akceptor elektrona tijekom oksidajice uz različite donore elektrona. Publicirani istraživački rad u talogu gipsa pokazuje vertikalnu raspodjelu sumpornih bakterija pomoću mikrosenzora za ispitivanje kisika, pH i sulfida, čime je utvrđen sastav i aktivnost sulfat reducirajućih bakterija.Autotrophic organisms are receiving inorganic substances from the environment to synthesize organic compounds using light energy (phototrophic) or by chemical energy released in various chemical reactions (chemoautotrophic). Chemoautotrophic organisms transform sulfur, nitrogen, iron, manganese and carbon. Sulfur bacteria live on the muddy bottom of sediments, in sulfur springs, generally in places where they transform hydrogen sulphide. They can oxidize compounds containing sulfur, such as hydrogen sulfide, which occurs during decomposition of organic material or the reduction of sulfate. This reaction is carried out by Beggiatoa and Thiothrix. Thiobacillus can oxidize hydrogen, sulfide, sulfate and other sulfur compounds, while Desulfovibrio is a sulfate-reducing bacteria using sulfate as an electron acceptor during oxidation of different electron donors. The published case study int he gypsum crust, vertical distribution of phototrophic, sulfate reducers and methanogens in salinities of 156 and 206 g/L was examined using microsensors for oxygen, pH and sulfide. Community of sulfate reducing bacteria varied with the depth of the crust and their diversity was lower as the salinity increased

Uginuća kitova uzrokovana ribolovom i ingestijom morskog otpada u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskoga mora tijekom razdoblja od 1990. do 2019

Various anthropogenic threats negatively influence the survival of cetaceans in all world seas. Thanks to a long- running marine mammal surveillance program, we are able to report the results of a detailed analysis of the influence of cetacean-fisheries interactions and marine litter ingestion on cetacean mortality in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea over the last three decades. The total number of dead cetaceans was 459, and included 334 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), 40 striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), ten Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus), six Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) and four fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Three hundred of them were examined postmortally. Cetacean-fisheries interaction occurred frequently in the Adriatic Sea, being detected in 96 (20.9%) of the recorded cases. Bycatch was the most abundant cetacean-fisheries interaction, with 66 (14.4%) cases recorded. Good nutritional condition and evidence of recent feeding were the most common findings recorded in bycatch cases, followed by persistent froth in the airways, edematous lungs, bruises and an amputated fluke or tail. Cetacean-fisheries interactions other than bycatch affected 30 animals and included larynx strangulations, long- term tail entanglement and fishing gear in the stomach. Ingestion of marine litter that was not related to fisheries was recorded in four animals. This study reveals the considerable negative anthropogenic influence on cetaceans in the Adriatic Sea, especially the bottlenose dolphin that is considered to be the most numerous cetacean species therein, and demonstrates the need for the urgent development of a cetacean bycatch reduction program. Finally, it also shows the importance of sustaining national surveillance programs to gain scientifically based knowledge important for cetacean protection and prospects for their long-term survival.Različiti antropogeni čimbenici negativno utječu na preživljavanje kitova u svim svjetskim morima. U ovom istraživanju prikazujemo utjecaj ribolova i ingestiju morskog otpada na preživljavanje kitova u razdoblju od 1990. do 2019. u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskoga mora. Analizirani podaci prikupljeni su dugogodišnjim praćenjem stanja morskih sisavaca u ovom području. Ukupan broj nalaza uginulih kitova jest 459 te uključuje 334 dobra dupina (Tursiops truncatus), 40 plavobijela dupina (Stenella coeruleoalba), deset glavatih dupina (Grampus griseus), šest krupnozubih dupina (Ziphius cavirostris) i četiri velika sjeverna kita (Balaenoptera physalus). Tristo jedinki postmortalno je pregledano. Interakcije kitova i ribolova učestale su u Jadranskome moru s obzirom na to da su utvrđene u 20,9 % uginulih kitova. Ukupan broj dupina stradalih kao slučajan ulov jest 66 (14,4 % svih nalaza). Osrednje gojno stanje i neprobavljeni/poluprobavljeni plijen u želucu najučestaliji su nalazi u dupina stradalih kao slučajan ulov. Od ostalih nalaza ističu se pjena u dišnim putevima, edematozna pluća, podljevi te odrezana repna peraja ili cijeli rep. Interakcije kitova i ribolova koje se ne smatraju slučajnim ulovom opisane su u 30 jedinki i uključuju strangulaciju grkljana, dugotrajan zapletaj repa i ribolovni alat u želucu. Ingestija morskog otpada utvrđena je u četiri jedinke. Ovo istraživanje potvrđuje negativan antropogeni utjecaj na kitove u Jadranskome moru, osobito na dobrog dupina, te upućuje na potrebu hitnog razvoja mjera za smanjenje broja dupina stradalih kao slučajan ulov. Ono također ističe važnost nacionalnih protokola za praćenje kitova kao izvora znanstvenih podataka potrebnih za predlaganje i provedbu mjera zaštite koje će povećati izglede za njihovo dugoročno preživljavanje