Los incentivos fiscales a la producción audiovisual

La Ley del impuesto sobre sociedades cuenta con un vehículo para incentivar las producciones audiovisuales en España, a través de la creación de agrupaciones de interés económico con la creación de estas sociedades. Los productores podrán buscar nuevas formas de financiación, pudiendo contar con inversiones que serían más difíciles conseguir de otra forma. Así, las productoras podrán realizar mejores obras y de una manera más eficaz, ofreciendo a los inversores una buena rentabilidad de los proyectos y la deducción de una parte del impuesto sobre sociedades a la que no pordrían llegar de otra manera, dependiendo del lugar donde sea producida la obra. Con esta estructura, lo que se pretende es conseguir una mayor calidad de las obras españolas y que así puedan competir con las producciones del resto de países, mucho más avanzados en materia de incentivar las producciones.Departamento de Economía AplicadaGrado en Administración y Dirección de Empresa

Target RNAs strike back on MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs are extensively studied regulatory non-coding small RNAs that silence animal genes throughout most biological processes, typically doing so by binding to partially complementary sequences within target RNAs. A plethora of studies has described detailed mechanisms for microRNA biogenesis and function, as well as their temporal and spatial regulation during development. By inducing translational repression and/or degradation of their target RNAs, microRNAs can contribute to achieve highly specific cell-or tissue-specific gene expression, while their aberrant expression can lead to disease. Yet an unresolved aspect of microRNA biology is how such small RNA molecules are themselves cleared from the cell, especially under circumstances where fast microRNA turnover or specific degradation of individual microRNAs is required. In recent years, it was unexpectedly found that binding of specific target RNAs to microRNAs with extensive complementarity can reverse the outcome, triggering degradation of the bound microRNAs. This emerging pathway, named TDMD for Target RNA-Directed MicroRNA Degradation, leads to microRNA 3′-end tailing by the addition of A/U non-templated nucleotides, trimming or shortening from the 3′ end, and highly specific microRNA loss, providing a new layer of microRNA regulation. Originally described in flies and known to be triggered by viral RNAs, novel endogenous instances of TDMD have been uncovered and are now starting to be understood. Here, we review our current knowledge of this pathway and its potential role in the control and diversification of microRNA expression patterns.Fil: Fuchs Wightman, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; ArgentinaFil: Giono, Luciana Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; ArgentinaFil: Fededa, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); ArgentinaFil: de la Mata, Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Argentin

High Damping Rubber Model for Energy Dissipating Devices

This work presents the results of a study carried out to characterize the mechanical response of a high damping rubber to be used in designing and constructing energy dissipating devices and base isolators for controling strong vibrations in civil engineering structures. A new parametric model of the elastomer is proposed to be employed in the design procedure and structural analysis of passive controlled structures. The parameters of the model are calibrated using experimental data obtained from tests on rubber specimens under different loading paths. The main dissipating energy mechanisms of the rubber are identified. The proposed model is able to reproduce those main mechanisms as well as geometric second order effects such as tension stiffening due to the effect of axial strains in the response. The response predicted by the proposed model is compared with that obtained from experimental tests and from the Kelvin and plasticity models

Constitutive and Geometric Nonlinear Models for the Seismic Analysis of RC Structures with Energy Dissipators

Nowadays, the use of energy dissipating devices to improve the seismic response of RC structures constitutes a mature branch of the innovative procedures in earthquake engineering. However, even though the benefits derived from this technique are well known and widely accepted, the numerical methods for the simulation of the nonlinear seismic response of RC structures with passive control devices is a field in which new developments are continuously preformed both in computational mechanics and earthquake engineering. In this work, a state of the art of the advanced models  for the numerical simulation of the nonlinear dynamic response of RC structures with passive energy dissipating devices subjected to seismic loading is made. The most commonly used passive energy dissipating devices are described, together with their dissipative mechanisms as well as with the numerical procedures used in modeling RC structures provided with such devices. The most important approaches for the formulation of beam models for RC structures are reviewed, with emphasis on the theory and numerics of formulations that consider both geometric and constitutive sources on nonlinearity. In the same manner, a more complete treatment is given to the constitutive nonlinearity in the context of fiber-like approaches including the corresponding cross sectional analysis. Special attention is paid to the use of damage indices able of estimating the remaining load carrying capacity of structures after a seismic action. Finally, nonlinear constitutive and geometric formulations for RC beam elements are examined, together with energy dissipating devices formulated as simpler beams with adequate constitutive laws. Numerical examples allow to illustrate the capacities of the presented formulations

Echinococcosis in Mexico — A Story Worth Sharing

At the beginning of the XXI millennium, while working at a general hospital in Mexico City, a young lady arrived with a previous diagnosis of liver amebiasis given six years earlier. Different treatments in various clinical settings were provided. In the hospital, the first approach was an ultrasound study and unexpectedly an Echinococcus granulosus cyst was clearly identified. The patient received adequate treatment and accepted to participate as the index case in an epidemiological survey performed in her community. Inhabitants, dogs, cattle, pigs, and sheep were studied; cysts in humans, pigs, and sheep were searched by ultrasound and dogs by coproantigens, livestock, and dogs were negative for larval or adult stages respectively. The use of ultrasound allowed the detection of two cases (overall prevalence 0.95). DNA of the patient’s cyst recovered by surgery was purified, amplified, sequenced, and multiple alignments were performed and analyzed, identifying to Echinococcus ortleppi. Subsequently, in a population genetics study focused to evaluate the presence and genetic variability of the intestinal tapeworm in dogs and of cystic echinococcosis in livestock in central areas from Mexico, Echinococcus canadensis G7 was identified and was found only in pigs. Based on a genetic network analysis, the following deductions were made: 1) E. canadensis G7 in Mexico is very diverse and was probably introduced from abroad several times from different sources and from different countries; 2) G7 haplotypes grouped in the North American wildlife cluster are placed far from Mexican isolates, thus they might be ruled out as sources of introduction to Mexico; and 3) the species status for G7, formally named E. canadensis, is still controversial, because biologically different strains (G6 to G10) are currently unified, though ecological and genetic data appear to indicate otherwise