HEAT EXCHANGER FOULING MITIGATION BY BLENDING AND ULTRASONIC

Fouling is a major economic problem faced in petroleum industry. The presence of paraffin wax deposition causes ineffective heat transfer and cost increment, since it creates a new resistance to the heat flow. Many people keeps thinking and moving forward in their effort to reduce the fouling, which encourages them to focus on the mitigation and cleaning techniques. The objective of this study is to investigate the fouling characteristics of pure and mixed crude oil on heat exchanger surface. In addition, the study also investigated the effect of ultrasonic application for fouling mitigation. The specified parameters were varied in each set of experiment, followed by monitoring the rate of deposition for 3 hours. The experiments were mainly carried out using cold fmger unit, cooling bath circulation system and ultrasonic bath unit. Besides, the effects of each run were observed by varying 3 different crude oil samples (TAPIS, MASSA and MIRl), wall temperatures, crude oil temperatures and ultrasonic application. Ultrasonic wave was generated at the lowest frequency (28kHz) and highest power (600W), since this condition is proved to give the highest mitigation. TI1e result shows that the deposition increases as times increases. In addition, deposition favors at low crude oil and wall temperature, because it depends on the temperature differences and amount of crude oil temperature below the cloud point. Apart from that, it was found that the amount of deposition is directly dependant to the amount of paraffin wax in each sample. However, after introducing the blending options, deposition of higher paraffin wax content sample was lowered down because the wax content has been reduced. Finally, the combination of ultrasonic and blending was proved to give very high and effective reduction of deposition for all samples namely TAPIS-MASSA (50%), MASSA-MIRI (50%) and TAPIS-MIRl (60%). In short, crude oil blend and ultrasonic application were proved as an effective method of fouling mitigation

Fleat Exchanger Fouling Mitigation By Biending and ultrasonic

Fouling is a major economic problem faced in petroleum industry. The presence of paraffin wax deposition causes ineffective heat transfer and cost increment, since it creates a new resistance to the heat flow. Many people keeps thinking and moving forward in their effort to reduce the fouling, which encourages them to focus on the mitigation and cleaning techniques. The objective of this study is to investigate the fouling characteristics of pure and mixed crude oil on heat exchanger surface. In addition, the study also investigated the effect of ultrasonic application for fouling mitigation. The specified parameters were varied in each set of experiment, followed by monitoring the rate of deposition for 3 hours. The experiments were mainly carried out using cold finger unit, cooling bath circulation system and ultrasonic bath unit. Besides, the effects of each run were observed by varying 3 different crude oil samples (TAPIS, MASSA and MIRI), wall temperatures, crude oil temperatures and ultrasonic application. Ultrasonic wave was generated at the lowest frequency (28kHz) and highest power (600W), since this condition is proved to give the highest mitigation. The result shows that the deposition increases as times increases. In addition, deposition favors at low crude oil and wall temperature, because it depends on the temperature differences and amount of crude oil temperature below the cloud point. Apart from that, it was found that the amount of deposition is directly dependant to the amount of paraffin wax in each sample. However, after introducing the blending options, deposition of higher paraffin wax content sample was lowered down because the wax content has been reduced. Finally, the combination of ultrasonic and blending was proved to give very high and effective reduction of deposition for all samples namely TAPIS-MASSA (50%), MASSA-MIRI (50%) and TAPIS-MIRI (60%). In short, crude oil blend and ultrasonic application were proved as an effective method of fouling mitigation

HEAT EXCHANGER FOULING MITIGATION BY BLENDING AND ULTRASONIC

Fouling is a major economic problem faced in petroleum industry. The presence of paraffin wax deposition causes ineffective heat transfer and cost increment, since it creates a new resistance to the heat flow. Many people keeps thinking and moving forward in their effort to reduce the fouling, which encourages them to focus on the mitigation and cleaning techniques. The objective of this study is to investigate the fouling characteristics of pure and mixed crude oil on heat exchanger surface. In addition, the study also investigated the effect of ultrasonic application for fouling mitigation. The specified parameters were varied in each set of experiment, followed by monitoring the rate of deposition for 3 hours. The experiments were mainly carried out using cold fmger unit, cooling bath circulation system and ultrasonic bath unit. Besides, the effects of each run were observed by varying 3 different crude oil samples (TAPIS, MASSA and MIRl), wall temperatures, crude oil temperatures and ultrasonic application. Ultrasonic wave was generated at the lowest frequency (28kHz) and highest power (600W), since this condition is proved to give the highest mitigation. TI1e result shows that the deposition increases as times increases. In addition, deposition favors at low crude oil and wall temperature, because it depends on the temperature differences and amount of crude oil temperature below the cloud point. Apart from that, it was found that the amount of deposition is directly dependant to the amount of paraffin wax in each sample. However, after introducing the blending options, deposition of higher paraffin wax content sample was lowered down because the wax content has been reduced. Finally, the combination of ultrasonic and blending was proved to give very high and effective reduction of deposition for all samples namely TAPIS-MASSA (50%), MASSA-MIRI (50%) and TAPIS-MIRl (60%). In short, crude oil blend and ultrasonic application were proved as an effective method of fouling mitigation

Deep Eutectic Solvent Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatographyn for Extraction of Bisphenols and Phthalates from Selected Freshwater Source in Selangor, Malaysia

Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates (PAEs) are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are abundantly found in the environment. These chemicals leach from polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins into the environment when exposed to heat. Human exposure to these chemicals causes various health issues; hence, the detection of BPA and PAEs has become more sensitive, and thus it is the most important environmental issue to be reduced due to consequences on human health. This research aimed to determine the optimum parameter of extraction process for BPA and PAEs from water samples by using deep eutectic solvent (DES) coupled with high performance liquid chromatographyultraviolet spectroscopy (HPLC-UV). Water samples for BPA and PAEs extraction were from various rivers and lakes in Selangor. The solvent used in the DES was a mixture of decanoic acid and tetrabutylammonium iodide. The extraction parameters that have been studied are molar ratio i.e., 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4, extraction time i.e., 10, 15 and 20 min, extraction temperature i.e., 50, 60 and 70 ºC and solvent volume i.e., 3, 6 and 9 mL. The optimum molar ratio of solvent and extraction time were 1:2 and 20 min, respectively. The best extraction temperature and volume of solvent with the highest recovery rate were 70 ºC and 3 mL. Sungai Kuang shows the highest bisphenol-A concentration of 23.9613 µg/L while Sungai Nada has the highest benzyl-butyl phthalates concentration of 73.6834 µg/L. Sungai Damansara shows the highest dibutyl phthalates concentration of 7.3163 µg/L. In conclusion, data obtained in this research will contribute a new knowledge in the Sustainable Development Goals 6, which is clean water and sanitation because the world is progressing to increase access to clean drinking water and sanitation. There are also some other endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) such as disinfection byproducts and pesticides which is more suitable to be extracted from water samples using solid phase microextraction due to low contamination in water. It is very important to research, detect and extract the bisphenol and phthalates from water sources as these pollutants might cause health issues and environmental pollutions which cannot be resolved in future due to its smaller size and its existence in large quantit

DESULFURIZATION OF FUEL USING IONIC LIQUIDS

Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been recognized as a promising solvent for desulfurization of fuels. As the regulation of sulfur limit in each country becomes more stringent, the current technology for desulfurization is about to become more severe due to high operation cost and ineffective removal of aromatic sulfur compounds such as thiophene and its derivatives. This study is about exploring effective ways of removing sulfur from diesel using ILs which includes computational screening and experimental methods through extraction process

Efficient separation of benzene and cyclohexane by liquid liquid extraction using emerging solvents and their binary mixtures / Muhammad Zulhaziman Mat Salleh

The separation of benzene and cyclohexane is difficult to perform via conventional distillation because of their close boiling points. The use of conventional technology in industry suffers from several disadvantages such as process complexity, high capital and operating costs, and high energy consumption. Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are two types of emerging solvents being widely studied in many applications. In this study, 40 DESs and more than 200 ILs were separately screened using COSMO-RS program for the separation of benzene and cyclohexane by liquid–liquid extraction process. The screening was evaluated based on the comparison of selectivity, capacity, and performance index; all derived from the activity coefficient at infinite dilution. The actual performance of the top-screened solvents, i.e. 5 DESs and 4 ILs was validated via experimental liquid–liquid extraction process at 25 oC and under 1 atm. The selected DESs in this study, namely tetrabutylammonium bromide:sulfolane, TBABr:Sulf (1:7); tetrabutylammonium bromide:triethylene glycol, TBABr:TEG (1:4); methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide:triethylene glycol, MTPPBr:TEG (1:4); methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide:1,2-propanediol, MTPPBr:PD (1:4); and choline chloride:triethylene glycol ChCl:TEG (1:4), were proved to be feasible extracting solvents. Despite the small benzene distribution ratio, an effective extraction using TBABr:Sulf (1:7) was still achievable through a multistage process, where 97% of benzene were extracted after nine extraction stages. In addition, TBABr:Sulf (1:7) can be easily recovered and regenerated back into the next extraction cycle. After four cycles, the recycled DES was as effective as the fresh one; the extracted benzene was constantly higher than 98 %. The analysis of extraction mechanism proved that the TBABr:Sulf (1:7) conserves its structure in the presence of benzene, thus prevents the solubilisation of sulfolane in the raffinate phase. In the study of extraction using IL, four ILs, namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, C2mimAc; 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, C2mimN(CN)2; 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, C2mimSCN; and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, C2mimTf2N, were selected based on the COSMO-RS preliminary screening. The new ternary LLE data for each IL was measured experimentally and correlated successfully with the NRTL model, where the root mean square deviation (RMSD) between experimental and calculated solubilities was less than 1%. On top of being commercially available at relatively low prices, the selected ILs showed effective extraction of benzene. The comparison of these ILs with other solvents in the literature proved their relative superiority with respect to extraction efficiency. Finally, mixtures of binary solvent were developed under the same condition by utilizing the high individual value of selectivity or distribution ratio of the single IL. Six new pseudo-ternary LLE data involving binary mixtures of [IL–organic solvent] or [IL–IL] were generated. Ethylene glycol was discovered as a good diluting agent with C2mimTf2N, indicating a potential cost saving. At the optimized mixing fraction, the mixture of [C2mimTf2N + C2mimSCN] produced the highest extraction performance, giving benzene distribution ratio of 0.96 and selectivity of 20.7. The mixing of different solvents has been proved to be a newly efficient and versatile method to further enhance the extraction performance

DESULFURIZATION OF FUEL USING IONIC LIQUIDS

Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been recognized as a promising solvent for desulfurization of fuels. As the regulation of sulfur limit in each country becomes more stringent, the current technology for desulfurization is about to become more severe due to high operation cost and ineffective removal of aromatic sulfur compounds such as thiophene and its derivatives. This study is about exploring effective ways of removing sulfur from diesel using ILs which includes computational screening and experimental methods through extraction process

Deep eutectic solvent coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for extraction of bisphenols and phthalates from selected freshwater source in Selangor, Malaysia

Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates (PAEs) are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are abundantly found in the environment. These chemicals leach from polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins into the environment when exposed to heat. Human exposure to these chemicals causes various health issues; hence, the detection of BPA and PAEs has become more sensitive, and thus it is the most important environmental issue to be reduced due to consequences on human health. This research aimed to determine the optimum parameter of extraction process for BPA and PAEs from water samples by using deep eutectic solvent (DES) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography- ultraviolet spectroscopy (HPLC-UV). Water samples for BPA and PAEs extraction were from various rivers and lakes in Selangor. The solvent used in the DES was a mixture of decanoic acid and tetrabutylammonium iodide. The extraction parameters that have been studied are molar ratio i.e., 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4, extraction time i.e., 10, 15 and 20 min, extraction temperature i.e., 50, 60 and 70 ºC and solvent volume i.e., 3, 6 and 9 mL. The optimum molar ratio of solvent and extraction time were 1:2 and 20 min, respectively. The best extraction temperature and volume of solvent with the highest recovery rate were 70 ºC and 3 mL. Sungai Kuang shows the highest bisphenol-A concentration of 23.9613 μg/L while Sungai Nada has the highest benzyl-butyl phthalates concentration of 73.6834 μg/L. Sungai Damansara shows the highest dibutyl phthalates concentration of 7.3163 μg/L. In conclusion, data obtained in this research will contribute a new knowledge in the Sustainable Development Goals 6, which is clean water and sanitation because the world is progressing to increase access to clean drinking water and sanitation. There are also some other endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) such as disinfection byproducts and pesticides which is more suitable to be extracted from water samples using solid phase microextraction due to low contamination in water. It is very important to research, detect and extract the bisphenol and phthalates from water sources as these pollutants might cause health issues and environmental pollutions which cannot be resolved in future due to its smaller size and its existence in large quantity

Novel Supported Ionic Liquid Adsorbents for Hydrogen Sulfide Removal from Biogas

The imidazolium-based supported ionic liquids (IL) in activated carbon (AC) is an exciting strategy for developing new adsorbents for H2S removal from biogas. In this work, the influence of IL on AC was discovered by examining the effect of ultrasonic stirring as an impregnation method, AC particle size and IL anion type. AC300μm-[Bmim]Cl-U5 demonstrated the highest H2S adsorption capacity of 8.25±0.38 mg H2S/g and was obtained through [Bmim]Cl impregnated on 300 μm AC size through the ultrasonic stirring for five minutes at room temperature. Adsorption/desorption study confirmed the regeneration ability of AC300μm-[Bmim]Cl-U5 up to three cycles with a maximum adsorption capacity of 14.24±0.43 mg H2S/g. The SEM images confirmed the presence of IL on the AC surface and were further explained through BET analysis. TGA measurement indicated the thermal stability of pristine IL, the fresh and exhausted adsorbent. Therefore, this study proves the potential of ultrasonic-assisted supported IL as a promising adsorbent for H2S removal from biogas that exhibit excellent properties in high adsorption capacity and thermal stability