Roles of Beta2- and Beta3-Adrenoceptor Polymorphisms in Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome

Hypertension, diabetes mellitus (especially type 2 diabetes mellitus), metabolic syndrome and obesity are rapidly growing public health problems. Sympathetic nerve activation is observed in obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, which have strong genetic as well as environmental determinants. Reduced energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate are predictive of weight gain, and the sympathetic nervous system participates in regulating energy balance through thermogenesis. The thermogenic effects of catecholamines in obesity have been mainly mediated via the β2- and β3-adrenergic receptors in humans. Further, β2-adrenoceptors importantly influence vascular reactivity and may regulate blood pressure. Genetic polymorphistns of the β-adrenoceptor gene have been shown to alter the function of several adrenoceptor subtypes and thus to modify the response to catecholamine. β2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms (Arg16Gly, Gln27Glu, and Thr164Ile) have been studied in relation to hypertension. Genetic variations in the β3-adrenoceptor (i.e. Try64Arg variant) are also associated with both obesity and hypertension. However, the precise relationships of the polymorphisms of β2- and β3-adrenoceptor genes with sympathetic nervous system activity, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome have not been fully clarified. This paper will discuss the current topics involving the influence of the sympathetic nervous system and β2- and β3- adrenoceptor polymorphisms in hypertension and metabolic syndrome

Relationships of Adrenoceptor Polymorphisms with Obesity

Obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes are rapidly growing public health problems. Heightened sympathetic nerve activity is a well-established observation in obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Human obesity, hypertension, and diabetes have strong genetic as well as environmental determinants. Reduced energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate are predictive of weight gain, and the sympathetic nervous system participates in regulating energy balance through thermogenesis. The thermogenic effects of catecholamines in obesity are mainly mediated via the β2, and β3-adrenergic receptors in humans. Further, β2-adrenoceptors importantly influence vascular reactivity and may regulate blood pressure. β-adrenoceptor polymorphisms have also been associated with adrenoceptor desensitization, increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and enhanced sympathetic nervous activity. Many epidemiological studies have shown strong relationships between adrenoceptor polymorphisms and obesity, but the observations have been discordant. This paper will discuss the current topics involving the influence of the sympathetic nervous system and β2- and β3-adrenoceptor polymorphisms in obesity

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過酸化水素処理をしためん類に残存する過酸化水素含量の経時的変化を調べ,さらに市販めん類中の過酸化水素含量を調査してつぎの結果を得た。1.めん類に残存する過酸化水素含量は時のたつにしたがい減少するが,保存温度により著しい影響を受け,温度の低いほど長く残留することを認めた。2.市販ゆでめんの過酸化水素含量は製造所により著しい相違があり,調査した33点の平均値は83.5ppmを示し,そのうち12点は基準量を上回っていた。3.市販焼そばの過酸化水素含量は調査した13点中2点が基準量を上回り,6点は過酸化水素を含まなかった。13点の平均値は12.2ppmとなりゆでめん類にくらべて著しく少ないことを認めた。また過酸化水素処理に関する問題点につき既往の文献を中心として考察を加えた。本研究を行うにあたり実験設備その他にご援助いただいた本学理事長神谷一三先生ならびに学長神谷みゑ子先生に対し深甚なる感謝の意を表する次第である