Uganda: A country profile

Uganda lies in the heart of Sub-Saharan Africa.It is situated in East Africa and occupies an area of 241,038 sq km (roughly twice the size of the state of Pennsylvania) and its population is about 35,873,253 (CIA World Factbook, 2012).Uganda is bordered by Tanzania and Rwanda to the south, Democratic Republic of Congo to the west, South Sudan to the north, and Kenya to the east.Uganda is a landlocked country and occupies most of the Lake Victoria Basin, which was formed by the geological shifts that created the Rift Valley during the Pleistocene era.Uganda was a British colony and became an independent- sovereign nation in 1962 without a bloody struggle. Several ethnic groups reside in the country i.e. Baganda, Banyankole, Bahima, Bakiga, Bunyoro, Batoro, Basoga, Bagisu, Langi, Acholi, Lugbara, Karamojong and others.English is the official language by virtue of Article 6(1) of the 1995 Constitution and Swahili is also widely spoken especially in the urban areas.Uganda has no State religion.As a country, Uganda has witnessed some positive development in the area of security.The government managed to plant the seeds of peace in the north by defeating the Lord Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony

The right to development and its corresponding obligations on developing countries

The right to development is a fundamental right, the precondition of liberty, progress, justice and creativity. This right has raised many expectations and controversies over the years. Developing countries claim that the international economic and political order constitutes an obstacle to the enjoyment of the right to development for their citizens. They therefore see a need for action in the international dimension of the right to development.In their view, they are able to provide the necessary basis for the enjoyment of the right to development only if the international order becomes more conducive to the economic development of developing countries.This paper aims to examine the concept of the right to development as a ‘human right’ focusing mainly on the position of developing countries as to whether they have an obligation to work towards the realization and implementation of this right. The paper concludes that the right to development is now recognized as a ‘human right’ like other internationally accepted human rights.Thus, being a right, it entails obligations of some agents in the society, who have the power to deliver the right or adopt policies that have a high likelihood of delivering the right

Galleria mellonella (L.) (Pyralidae) und Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Noctuidae): Wirkungsunterschiede zwischen XenTari® (Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai), NeemAzal T/S® und ihren Kombinationen

Both, G. mellonella and S. exigua, are most important pests in tropical countries. G. mellonella has five to six generations per year (Abid et al. 1997; Ali 1996), there, and feeding in bee combs they find, besides wax, residues of honey, insect skin and pollen (Hachiro & Knox 2000). Li et al. (1987) have shown the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai against G. mellonella. It is registered in the EU as Mellonex for its control, but NeemAzal T/S may also be active, and will have some advantages (Leymann et al. 2000, Melathopoulos et al. 2000). Therefore we conducted new studies here, on the results we shall report. S. exigua is an important polyphagous pest of crops in tropical areas (Brown & Dewhurst 1975). By repeated control with synthetic insecticides, especially by illiterate farmers (Armes et al. 1992; Aggarwal et al. 2006a) resistance to a lot of those insecticides has been built up, making plant protection very difficult. Therefore the need is pronounced for microbial and botanical pesticides (Nagarkatti 1982; Rao et al. 1990), which have different modes of action than synthetic insecticides. Aggarwal et al. (2006b) have started to test such ingredients, but the time of observation was too short (3 days), since the effects of Neem products occur later than those of synthetic insecticides (Basedow et al. 2002). So we conducted new, longer lasting experiments (with 5 to 30 days), on which we give a report here. The experiments were conducted during guest stays of the three co-authors (from Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from Nazreth, Ethiopia, and from Khartoum, Sudan) at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology at Giessen Univerity.Im Labor wurden die Larven mit trockenem Futter versorgt, das vorher für 20 Sek. in die Testlösung getaucht war. Die Testlösungen, auch in der Kontrolle, wurden mit dem anionischen Detergens Triton X 100 versetzt (10%, davon 0.1 ml). XenTari wurde mit 0.5, 1 und 2 mg/l getestet, NeemAzal mit 2, 4 und 8 mg/l. Bei G. mellonella war die höchste korrigierte Mortalität bei XenTari nach 4 Wochen 77%, bei NeemAzal T/S 100%. So wird letzteres empfohlen. Bei Spodoptera exigua im zweiten Larvenstadium bewirkte XenTari nach 3 Wochen eine maximale Wirkung von 95.6%, während NeemAzal T/S bereits nach 7 Tagen 100% erreichte. Im vierten Larvenstadium erreichte NeemAzal TS eine Mortalität von 46%. Wurden aber beide Präparate bei halber Dosis nacheinander appliziert, war die Wirkung nach 5 Tagen 73% (XenTari zuerst) bzw. 98.8% (NeemAzal T/S zuerst). Letztere Kombination wird für den Bauwollanbau in den Tropen empfohlen, um durch deren Zwischenschaltung die Resistenzbildung gegenüber synthetischen Insektiziden zu vermindern

A quest for defining terrorism in international law: The emerging consensus

The United Nations (UN) has no internationally-agreed definition of terrorism.The definitional impasse has prevented the adoption of a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism.Even in the immediate aftermath of 9/11 the UN failed to adopt the Convention, and the deadlock continues to this day. The prime reason is the standoff with the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).The Arab Terrorism Convention and the Terrorism Convention of the Organization of the Islamic Conference defines terrorism to exclude armed struggle for liberation and self-determination.This increased its complexity and vagueness.The aim of this paper is to examine the definitional aspect of terrorism and the challenges faced in adopting a single universally accepted definition by the international community.The methodology adopted in this paper is purely a library based research focusing mainly on primary and secondary sources. The paper concludes that nations or states have to come to agreement on a definition of the term “terrorism”, for without a consensus of what constitute terrorism, nations or states could not unite against it.A general definition of terrorism is necessary in order for the international community to fight against terrorism in a precise way

Media and the libel law: The Malaysian experience

The media have assumed and reinforced their important role as a legitimate reflection of public interest and opinion.However, the media are peculiarly vulnerable to error of confusing the public interest with their own interest.As a matter of fact, people have increasingly begun to seek the refuge and vindication of litigation.Malaysian media have traditionally focused on nation-building, social cohesion, and “responsible journalism”. This paper aims to examine the operation of libel law on the media in Malaysia. The paper concludes that although there is no mention of press freedom in the Malaysian Federal Constitution, Article 10(1)(a) is assumed to protect press freedom. However, press freedom is not absolute

PERANCANGAN MESIN PEMECAH TELUR OTOMATIS MENGGUNAKAN METODE REVERSE ENGINEERING BERBASIS MEDIA ONLINE

Indonesia memiliki aneka ragam produk olahan berbahan baku telur seperti roti, bolen, dan lapis. Bahan baku yang digunakan pembuatan produk makanan tersebut salah satunya adalah telur. Mayoritas industri makanan yang berbahan baku telur di Indonesia masih menggunakan alat tradisional untuk memecahkan telur, misalnya menggunakan sendok, pisau atau alat sejenisnya, sehingga dibutuhkan waktu dan tenaga yang lebih banyak untuk kepentingan tersebut. Industri makanan berbahan baku telur rata-rata membutuhkan telur sebanyak 40 hingga 70 kg/hari, maka diperlukan alat yang mampu memecahkan telur dengan cepat. Namun mesin pemecah telur yang sudah ada harganya relatif mahal dan sulit dalam melakukan perawatan dan perbaikan, sehingga diperlukan penelitian tentang perancangan mesin pemecah telur untuk memenuhi kebutuhan industri domestik. Penelitian ini membahas tentang cara menduplikasi mekanisme mesin pecah telur RZ-1 Ovo Tech menggunakan metode reverse engineering. Tahapan yang dilakukan dalam reverse engineering pertama adalah tahap pencarian informasi dari berbagai macam sumber yaitu lieratur buku, jurnal dan inernet yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan penelitian. Selanjutnya mengidentifkasi mesin meliputi mekanisme gerak mesin, komponen dan fungsinya dari media online. Analisa gerakan pemecahan telur untuk membentuk model baru. Dilanjutkan dengan perancangan dan pemodelan mesin pemecah telur dengan bantuan software Autodesk Inventor 2015 student version. Dibagian paling akhir dilakukan analisa desain berupa interference check dan motion study pada unit mekanisme pemecah telur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mekanisme gerak mesin pemecah telur terdiri dari 2 gerakan yaitu mengetuk telur dan membelah telur. Gerakan mekanisme pemecah telur ini dibentuk model baru untuk menghasilkan 2 gerakan tersebut. Model mekanisme ketuk terdiri dari komponen profil pengetuk, poros pengetuk, dan alur pengetuk, sedangkan model mekanisme belah tediri dari komponen alur pembelah. Hasil akir dari perancangan model mekanisme pemecah telur adalah gambar detail spesifkasi setiap komponen unit mekanisme pemecah telur Kata kunci: mesin pemecah telur, reverse engineering

Analysis of the tests developed by the courts in determining the existence of an employee or an independent contractor relationship in the imposition of vicarious liability in Malaysia

Employers are said to be vicariously liable for the torts of their employees which are committed during the course of employment.It is critical that business owners correctly determine whether the individuals providing services are employees or independent contractors.Employers or ‘masters’ will only be liable for the torts of their employees or ‘servants’ as they are called in law. They will not usually be liable for the torts of their independent contractors (subject to some exceptions).It is, therefore, necessary to establish the status of the person who committed the wrongful act.The task of the court is to interpret the contract of employment. In order to make such a distinction, the courts have adopted certain tests.However, the courts have been unable to formulate a concise definition of the terms ‘employee’ and ‘independent contractor’ that will furnish an accurate test to be applied in determining whether one is acting for another as servant or as an independent contractor. In Malaysia, the courts generally favour the control test.While the control test may have been persuasive in the past, in modern industrial society, with its increasingly sophisticated division of labour, the test is not always effective.In many cases employees may have technical skills and knowledge not shared by their employers.The purpose of this article is to examine these tests and the problems posed by the tests used by the Malaysian courts in an attempt to draw a distinction between an employee and an independent contractor in the context of vicarious liability

The impact of international terrorism on the right to personal security in Iraq after 2003

Hardly a day passes by without news of a terrorist bombing, kidnapping, or assassination somewhere in the world especially in Iraq. Terrorism has become a cancer and it is not in the interest of the nations, because it takes away their right to personal security.Following the event of September 11, there have been violations of international conventions and usages, human rights, which prompted countries globally to come up with laws to protect civil freedoms. In the context of Iraq, the Government came up with the Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Act No.13 of 2005 and the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 to address the issue of terrorism.The aim of this paper is to address the impact of international terrorism on the right to personal security in Iraq after 2003. The methodology adopted in this paper is a doctrinal legal research, focusing namely on primary and secondary data. This paper concludes that international terrorism has indeed affected the Iraqis right to personal security after 2003. Hence, there is a need to protect this fundamental right by re-looking into the Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Act No.13 of 2005. For instance, under the Act there is no clear definition of the terms “terrorism” and “terrorist act”. This has led to serious problems in the enforcement of the Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Act No. 13 of 2005 such as the abuse of the right to personal security where innocent Iraqis are deprived to enjoy this fundamental right at the disguise of fighting terrorism by the state, which is not even clearly defined under the Act

Critical Analysis of Recognition and Enforcement of International Arbitration Awards in Malaysia and Saudi Arabia (Comparative Study)

This paper discusses the requirements for recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in the context of Malaysia and Saudi Arabia for the enforcement and acknowledgement of such awards, and to highlight the entailed processes in both countries. This study was achieved through the use of quantitative analysis, where data was collected from libraries and published reports. Specifically, this paper is an attempt to provide clarification to the Arbitration law in both countries relating to the requirements of recognition and enforcements of international arbitration awards. Both the Malaysian Arbitration Act 2005 and Saudi Arbitration Act 2012 were compared with the Convention on Settlement of Investment Disputes 1965 (ICSID Convention). The main objective was achieved by concentrating on providing an insight into the nature of enforceable arbitral awards and the requirements of enforcement. Keywords: international arbitration, arbitration award, recognition, enforcement

Corporate social responsibility and its effect on community development: an overview

Traditionally, businesses primarily exist to make profit. The profit motive has often been perceived as representing a lack of concern for all other objectives of an organisation. But, today businesses are realising that in order to stay profitable in a rapidly changing environment, they would have to become socially responsible. Hence, there is a growing demand and expectation from various stakeholders who expect business to go beyond their profit agenda and be socially responsible. The belief that beyond making profit for the shareholders, business enterprises should also serve the interest of all other stakeholders has culminated into the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This concept has engendered considerable interest in recent years. CSR refers to strategies corporations or firms conduct their business in a way that it’s ethical, society friendly and beneficial to the community development. The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of CSR on community development. The paper adopts a library based research methodology focusing mainly on primary and secondary sources. The result of this paper shows that the traditional view of business being essentially to maximise profit has changed in recent years. The traditional view is no longer accepted in today’s business environment. Corporations have now adopted the concept of CSR, which is concerned with economic, environment, and social performance. The paper concludes that the effect of CSR on community development can be seen from different angles like protecting the environment. Some of the world’s largest companies have made a highly visible commitment to CSR, for example, with initiatives aimed at reducing their environmental footprint