Factors Affecting Bubble Size in Ionic Liquids

This study reports on understanding the formation of bubbles in ionic liquids (ILs), with a view to utilising ILs more efficiently in gas capture processes. In particular, the impact of the IL structure on the bubble sizes obtained has been determined in order to obtain design principles for the ionic liquids utilised. 11 ILs were used in this study with a range of physico-chemical properties in order to determine parametrically the impact on bubble size due to the liquid properties and chemical moieties present. The results suggest the bubble size observed is dictated by the strength of interaction between the cation and anion of the IL and, therefore, the mass transport within the system. This bubble size – ILs structure–physical property relationship has been illustrated using a series of QSPR correlations. A predictive model based only on the sigma profiles of the anions and cations has been developed which shows the best correlation without the need to incorporate the physico-chemical properties of the liquids. Depending on the IL, selected mean bubble sizes observed were between 56.1 and 766.9 μm demonstrating that microbubbles can be produced in the IL allowing the potential for enhanced mass transport and absorption kinetics in these systems

M3 money demand and excess liquidity in the euro area

Recent empirical studies have found evidence of unstable long run money demand functions if recent data are used. If the link between money balances and the macroeconomy is fragile, the rationale of monetary aggregates in the ECB strategy has to be doubted. In contrast we present a ``stable'' long run money demand relationship for M3 for the period 1983-2006. To obtain the result, the short run homogeneity restriction between money and prices is relaxed and a break in the income elasticity of money demand after 2001 is taken into account. Measures of excess liquidity do not show significant inflation pressures.The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9679-5. This publication was produced as part of the FINESS project, funded by the European Commission through the 7th Framework Programme under contract no. 217266 (http://www.finess-web.eu/)

M3 Money Demand and Excess Liquidity in the Euro Area

Money growth in the euro area has exceeded its target since 2001. Likewise, recent empirical studies did not find evidence in favour of a stable long run money demand function. The equation appears to be increasingly unstable if more recent data are used. If the link between money balances and the macroeconomy is fragile, the rationale of monetary aggregates in the ECB strategy has to be doubted. In contrast to the bulk of the literature, we are able to identify a stable long run money demand relationship for M3 with reasonable long run behaviour. This finding is robust for different (ML and S2S) estimation methods. To obtain the result, the short run homogeneity restriction between money and prices is relaxed. In addition, a rise in the income elasticity after 2001 is taken into account. The break might be linked to the introduction of euro coins and banknotes. The monetary overhang and the real money gap do not indicate significant inflation pressures. The corresponding error correction model survives a battery of specification tests