CHARACTERISTICS OF INVOLUNTARY REPETITIVE RECALLS (FLASHBACKS) ON TRAUMATIC EVENT OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN WOMEN

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti kvalitetu i intenzitet nevoljnih autobiografskih sjećanja, intruzivnih sjećanja i flashback epizoda u sadržajima svjedočanstava žena žrtava seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu. Materijal i metode: Analizirali smo iskaze 58 žena, žrtava silovanja i seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu (1991.-1995.). Svjedočanstva su prikupljana individualno u izbjegličkom smještaju (kamp, hotel) i u prostorima „Medicinskog centra za prava čovjeka“ u Zagrebu, Splitu i Međugorju (Bosna i Hercegovina). Sve su osobe dragovoljno sudjelovale u ispitivanju. Intervju je obično provodio jedan intervjuer (psiholog ili psihijatar), koji je prakticirao uglavnom neintervencionističku strategiju, potičući slobodan protok memorije kako bi povratio mišljenje i osjećaje ispitanika o njihovim iskustvima. Svjedočanstvo sadrži opise promatranog fenomena, bez namjere istraživača da prosuđuje valjanost uzroka ili posljedicu stanja. U postupku analize sadržaja cilj je bio procijeniti kvalitetu i intenzitet nevoljnih autobiografskih sjećanja, intruzivnih sjećanja i flashback epizoda u sadržajima svjedočanstava žena žrtava seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu. U analizi smo koristili kriterije za procjenu kvalitete i intenziteta traumatskih sjećanja sadržane u radu Kvavilashvili (2014). Okolnosti silovanja analizirali smo s obzirom na to: A) je li žrtva silovana jednom od strane više osoba, više puta od strane više osoba ili od strane jedne osobe; B) je li žrtva bila u izolaciji ili nije; C) jesu li svjedoci bili prisutni činu ili odsutni; te D) je li silovatelj bio poznat ili nepoznat žrtvi. Rezultati: Žene-žrtve silovanja i seksualnog zlostavljanja silovane jednom od strane više osoba imaju značajno češće flashback epizode (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju veću učestalost ponavljanja intruzivnih autobiografskih sjećanja na traumatski događaj (6/20, 30%, P=0.041), značajno prisutnije spontano vraćanje flashback epizoda (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju najveću učestalost ponavljanja flashback epizoda (6/20, 30%, P=0.056), te češće emocionalno negativno vrednuju događaj (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju življa sjećanja (45%, P=0.011), češće aktivno izbjegavaju sjećanja (45%, P=0.011), češće ponovno proživljavaju događaj (9/20, 45%, P=0.011). Učestalost „flashback“-ova je statistički značajno veća kada su prisutni svjedoci-očevidci događaju silovanja. Žrtve silovane u prisutnosti svjedoka-očevidca imaju i značajno češće spontano vraćanje flashback epizoda (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), značajno češće emocionalno negativno vrednuju događaj (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), češće živo opisuju događaj (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), češće aktivno izbjegavaju flashback epizode (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). te značajno češće ponovno proživljavaju događaj (flashback epizoda) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Poznavanje silovatelja od strane žrtve ne utječe statistički značajno na učestalost i kvalitetu traumatskih sjećanja. Zaključci: Učestalost i intenzitet nevoljnih intruzivnih prisjećanja osobito su naglašeni u žrtava koje su silovane jednom od strane više osoba i u onih silovanih u prisustvu svjedoka. Za razliku od toga, poznavanje silovatelja i izoliranost tijekom zlostavljanja ne utječu na učestalost i kvalitetu flashback epizoda.Objective: Objective of research was to evaluate quality and intensity of involuntary autobiographical memories, intrusive memories and flashbacks in testimony content of female sexual harassment victims at war. Material and Methods: We analyzed statements of 58 women, rape and sexual harassment victims at war (1991.-1995.). Testimonies were collected individualy in refugee accommodation (camp, hotel) and in rooms of „Medical center for rights of man“ in Zagreb, Split and Međugorje (Bosnia and Herzegovina). All persons participate voluntarily in questioning. Interview was usually conducted by one interviewer (psychologist or psychiatrist), who usually practiced noninterventionist strategy, encouraging free memory float to recall thoughts and emotions of respondents about their experiences. Testimony contains descriptions of observed phenomena, without researcher intention to judge cause validity or state repercussion. During content analysis objective was to evaluate quality and intensity of involuntary autobiographical memories, intrusive memories and flashbacks in testimony content of female sexual harassment victims at war. For analysis we used criteria from Kvavilashvili (2014) paper to evaluate quality and intensity of traumatic memories. We analyzed rape circumstances referring to: A) was victim raped one time by one person, multiple times by multiple persons or by one person; B) was victim isolated or was not; C) were witnesses present to act or absent; and D) was rapist known or unknown to victim. Results: Women-victims of rape and sexual harassment that were raped once by multiple persons have statistically significant more often flashbacks (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), more often have repetition of intrusive autobiographical memories of traumatic event (6/20, 30%, P=0.041), have more often spontaneous retrieval of flashbacks (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they have highest frequency of flashbacks repetition (6/20, 30%, P=0.056), they more often evaluate events emotionally negative (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they have more vivid memories (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they more actively avoid memories ( 9/20, 45%, P=0.011), more often re-experience event (9/20, 45%, P=0.011). Flashbacks frequency is statistically significant higher when witnesses of rape event are present (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Victims raped in presence of eyewitness have statistically significant more often spontaneous retrieval of flashbacks (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), more often evaluate event as emotional negative (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), they have more vivid describe event (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), more actively avoid flashbacks (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). and more often re-experience event (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Knowing rapist by victim does not affect statistically significant on frequency and quality of traumatic memories. Conclusions: Incidence and intensity of involuntary intrusive recalls are especially highlighted in victims who were raped once by multiple persons and in those who were raped in presence of witness. Unlike that, knowing rapist and isolation during harassment does not affect incidence and quality of flashbacks

CHARACTERISTICS OF INVOLUNTARY REPETITIVE RECALLS (FLASHBACKS) ON TRAUMATIC EVENT OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN WOMEN

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti kvalitetu i intenzitet nevoljnih autobiografskih sjećanja, intruzivnih sjećanja i flashback epizoda u sadržajima svjedočanstava žena žrtava seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu. Materijal i metode: Analizirali smo iskaze 58 žena, žrtava silovanja i seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu (1991.-1995.). Svjedočanstva su prikupljana individualno u izbjegličkom smještaju (kamp, hotel) i u prostorima „Medicinskog centra za prava čovjeka“ u Zagrebu, Splitu i Međugorju (Bosna i Hercegovina). Sve su osobe dragovoljno sudjelovale u ispitivanju. Intervju je obično provodio jedan intervjuer (psiholog ili psihijatar), koji je prakticirao uglavnom neintervencionističku strategiju, potičući slobodan protok memorije kako bi povratio mišljenje i osjećaje ispitanika o njihovim iskustvima. Svjedočanstvo sadrži opise promatranog fenomena, bez namjere istraživača da prosuđuje valjanost uzroka ili posljedicu stanja. U postupku analize sadržaja cilj je bio procijeniti kvalitetu i intenzitet nevoljnih autobiografskih sjećanja, intruzivnih sjećanja i flashback epizoda u sadržajima svjedočanstava žena žrtava seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu. U analizi smo koristili kriterije za procjenu kvalitete i intenziteta traumatskih sjećanja sadržane u radu Kvavilashvili (2014). Okolnosti silovanja analizirali smo s obzirom na to: A) je li žrtva silovana jednom od strane više osoba, više puta od strane više osoba ili od strane jedne osobe; B) je li žrtva bila u izolaciji ili nije; C) jesu li svjedoci bili prisutni činu ili odsutni; te D) je li silovatelj bio poznat ili nepoznat žrtvi. Rezultati: Žene-žrtve silovanja i seksualnog zlostavljanja silovane jednom od strane više osoba imaju značajno češće flashback epizode (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju veću učestalost ponavljanja intruzivnih autobiografskih sjećanja na traumatski događaj (6/20, 30%, P=0.041), značajno prisutnije spontano vraćanje flashback epizoda (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju najveću učestalost ponavljanja flashback epizoda (6/20, 30%, P=0.056), te češće emocionalno negativno vrednuju događaj (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju življa sjećanja (45%, P=0.011), češće aktivno izbjegavaju sjećanja (45%, P=0.011), češće ponovno proživljavaju događaj (9/20, 45%, P=0.011). Učestalost „flashback“-ova je statistički značajno veća kada su prisutni svjedoci-očevidci događaju silovanja. Žrtve silovane u prisutnosti svjedoka-očevidca imaju i značajno češće spontano vraćanje flashback epizoda (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), značajno češće emocionalno negativno vrednuju događaj (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), češće živo opisuju događaj (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), češće aktivno izbjegavaju flashback epizode (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). te značajno češće ponovno proživljavaju događaj (flashback epizoda) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Poznavanje silovatelja od strane žrtve ne utječe statistički značajno na učestalost i kvalitetu traumatskih sjećanja. Zaključci: Učestalost i intenzitet nevoljnih intruzivnih prisjećanja osobito su naglašeni u žrtava koje su silovane jednom od strane više osoba i u onih silovanih u prisustvu svjedoka. Za razliku od toga, poznavanje silovatelja i izoliranost tijekom zlostavljanja ne utječu na učestalost i kvalitetu flashback epizoda.Objective: Objective of research was to evaluate quality and intensity of involuntary autobiographical memories, intrusive memories and flashbacks in testimony content of female sexual harassment victims at war. Material and Methods: We analyzed statements of 58 women, rape and sexual harassment victims at war (1991.-1995.). Testimonies were collected individualy in refugee accommodation (camp, hotel) and in rooms of „Medical center for rights of man“ in Zagreb, Split and Međugorje (Bosnia and Herzegovina). All persons participate voluntarily in questioning. Interview was usually conducted by one interviewer (psychologist or psychiatrist), who usually practiced noninterventionist strategy, encouraging free memory float to recall thoughts and emotions of respondents about their experiences. Testimony contains descriptions of observed phenomena, without researcher intention to judge cause validity or state repercussion. During content analysis objective was to evaluate quality and intensity of involuntary autobiographical memories, intrusive memories and flashbacks in testimony content of female sexual harassment victims at war. For analysis we used criteria from Kvavilashvili (2014) paper to evaluate quality and intensity of traumatic memories. We analyzed rape circumstances referring to: A) was victim raped one time by one person, multiple times by multiple persons or by one person; B) was victim isolated or was not; C) were witnesses present to act or absent; and D) was rapist known or unknown to victim. Results: Women-victims of rape and sexual harassment that were raped once by multiple persons have statistically significant more often flashbacks (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), more often have repetition of intrusive autobiographical memories of traumatic event (6/20, 30%, P=0.041), have more often spontaneous retrieval of flashbacks (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they have highest frequency of flashbacks repetition (6/20, 30%, P=0.056), they more often evaluate events emotionally negative (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they have more vivid memories (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they more actively avoid memories ( 9/20, 45%, P=0.011), more often re-experience event (9/20, 45%, P=0.011). Flashbacks frequency is statistically significant higher when witnesses of rape event are present (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Victims raped in presence of eyewitness have statistically significant more often spontaneous retrieval of flashbacks (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), more often evaluate event as emotional negative (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), they have more vivid describe event (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), more actively avoid flashbacks (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). and more often re-experience event (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Knowing rapist by victim does not affect statistically significant on frequency and quality of traumatic memories. Conclusions: Incidence and intensity of involuntary intrusive recalls are especially highlighted in victims who were raped once by multiple persons and in those who were raped in presence of witness. Unlike that, knowing rapist and isolation during harassment does not affect incidence and quality of flashbacks

Long-Acting Antipsychotics

Dugodjelujući antipsihotici predstavljaju važno sredstvo u liječenju shizofrenije, ali sve više i drugih poremećaja s elementima psihotičnosti. Sve se više naglašava važnost njihova ranog uvođenja, pa i u prvoj psihotičnoj epizodi. Nadmoćni su nad oralnim antipsihoticima s obzirom na stopu rehospitalizacija, učestalost i težinu nuspojava, razinu oporavka funkcionalnosti i stopu mortaliteta. U Republici Hrvatskoj dostupni su dugodjelujući haloperidol, flufenazin, risperidon, paliperidon, olanzapin i aripiprazol. Iako su izrazito potentni, nedovoljno se koriste. Potrebno je dodatno educirati psihijatre, ali i druge dionike zdravstvenog sustava o njihovim benefitima. Pacijentima se na različite načine mogu približiti njihove prednosti i umanjiti stigmu dugodjelujućih antipsihotika kao terapije rezervirane za teške kliničke slike. Na temelju domaćih i inozemnih iskustava može se unaprijediti način rada s pacijentima koji koriste dugodjelujuće antipsihotike te proširiti njihova primjena. Od toga u konačnici korist imaju pacijenti, njihove obitelji, liječnici i zdravstveni sustav.Long-acting antipsychotics are an important tool in the treatment of schizophrenia, but also of other disorders with psychotic elements. The importance of their early introduction, even in the first psychotic episode, is being emphasized more and more. Long-acting antipsychotics are superior to oral antipsychotics in terms of rehospitalization, frequency and severity of side effects, level of functional recovery and mortality rate. Long-acting haloperidol, fluphenazine, risperidone, paliperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole are available in the Republic of Croatia. Although they are extremely effective, they are not used enough. It is necessary to inform psychiatrists and health workers on their benefits. Patients can benefit in different ways and reduce the stigma of long-acting antipsychotics as a therapy reserved for harsh clinical pictures. Based on national and global experiences, methods for patients who use long-acting antipsychotics can be improved and their use can be expanded. This ultimately benefits the patients, their families, doctors, and the healthcare system as a whole

Long-Acting Antipsychotics

Dugodjelujući antipsihotici predstavljaju važno sredstvo u liječenju shizofrenije, ali sve više i drugih poremećaja s elementima psihotičnosti. Sve se više naglašava važnost njihova ranog uvođenja, pa i u prvoj psihotičnoj epizodi. Nadmoćni su nad oralnim antipsihoticima s obzirom na stopu rehospitalizacija, učestalost i težinu nuspojava, razinu oporavka funkcionalnosti i stopu mortaliteta. U Republici Hrvatskoj dostupni su dugodjelujući haloperidol, flufenazin, risperidon, paliperidon, olanzapin i aripiprazol. Iako su izrazito potentni, nedovoljno se koriste. Potrebno je dodatno educirati psihijatre, ali i druge dionike zdravstvenog sustava o njihovim benefitima. Pacijentima se na različite načine mogu približiti njihove prednosti i umanjiti stigmu dugodjelujućih antipsihotika kao terapije rezervirane za teške kliničke slike. Na temelju domaćih i inozemnih iskustava može se unaprijediti način rada s pacijentima koji koriste dugodjelujuće antipsihotike te proširiti njihova primjena. Od toga u konačnici korist imaju pacijenti, njihove obitelji, liječnici i zdravstveni sustav.Long-acting antipsychotics are an important tool in the treatment of schizophrenia, but also of other disorders with psychotic elements. The importance of their early introduction, even in the first psychotic episode, is being emphasized more and more. Long-acting antipsychotics are superior to oral antipsychotics in terms of rehospitalization, frequency and severity of side effects, level of functional recovery and mortality rate. Long-acting haloperidol, fluphenazine, risperidone, paliperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole are available in the Republic of Croatia. Although they are extremely effective, they are not used enough. It is necessary to inform psychiatrists and health workers on their benefits. Patients can benefit in different ways and reduce the stigma of long-acting antipsychotics as a therapy reserved for harsh clinical pictures. Based on national and global experiences, methods for patients who use long-acting antipsychotics can be improved and their use can be expanded. This ultimately benefits the patients, their families, doctors, and the healthcare system as a whole

VIOLENCE WITHOUT A FACE: THE ANALYSIS OF TESTIMONIES OF WOMEN WHO WERE SEXUALLY ASSAULTED DURING THE WAR IN CROATIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Background: This study examined testimonies of women who were sexually assaulted multiple times by multiple unknown offenders. In these testimonial narratives, it is possible to detect specific modalities of traumatic event expression. This expression lacks any spatial, temporal, auditory or emotional determinants of the event. Subjects and methods: These fourteen women (out of 17) were imprisoned and forcefully isolated in detention camps or private houses in the occupied territories of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the war. At the same time, some of these women were raped by the offenders that were previously known to them. The average length of detention was 141 days among the seventeen victims (range of 7 to 395 days), while the average time from the first day of imprisonment to the first day of testimony was 311 days (range of 30 to 889 days). Results: Based on the narrative descriptions of the events acquired from these testimonies, our analysis showed that these expressions differed when the offender was known to the victim, contrasted to the situation when the offender was completely unknown. This finding has a significant implication in victim\u27s testimony at judicial hearings. Specifically, women that were raped by unknown perpetrator(s) were often unable to provide persuasive testimony and their recollection of the events was deemed insufficient for the further prosecution. Testimonies in these cases substantially lacked in vividness and were devoid of visuospatial determinants of the rape event. Consequently, this often resulted in the case’s dismissal. Conclusion: The unusual and problematic expression of these traumatic memories might indicate that these events were not properly stored in the conceptual form of memory. Ultimately, victims could not make any coherent recollection or reconstruct the cascade of events by using perceptual information. We argue that this could be due to an aberrant mechanism of memory storage and difficulties that emerge on the level of sensory input. This problem needs to be further examined and correspondingly accounted for since it can exert significant influence on judicial outcomes in the domain of sexual assault cases worldwide

CHARACTERISTICS OF INVOLUNTARY REPETITIVE RECALLS (FLASHBACKS) ON TRAUMATIC EVENT OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN WOMEN

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti kvalitetu i intenzitet nevoljnih autobiografskih sjećanja, intruzivnih sjećanja i flashback epizoda u sadržajima svjedočanstava žena žrtava seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu. Materijal i metode: Analizirali smo iskaze 58 žena, žrtava silovanja i seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu (1991.-1995.). Svjedočanstva su prikupljana individualno u izbjegličkom smještaju (kamp, hotel) i u prostorima „Medicinskog centra za prava čovjeka“ u Zagrebu, Splitu i Međugorju (Bosna i Hercegovina). Sve su osobe dragovoljno sudjelovale u ispitivanju. Intervju je obično provodio jedan intervjuer (psiholog ili psihijatar), koji je prakticirao uglavnom neintervencionističku strategiju, potičući slobodan protok memorije kako bi povratio mišljenje i osjećaje ispitanika o njihovim iskustvima. Svjedočanstvo sadrži opise promatranog fenomena, bez namjere istraživača da prosuđuje valjanost uzroka ili posljedicu stanja. U postupku analize sadržaja cilj je bio procijeniti kvalitetu i intenzitet nevoljnih autobiografskih sjećanja, intruzivnih sjećanja i flashback epizoda u sadržajima svjedočanstava žena žrtava seksualnog zlostavljanja u ratu. U analizi smo koristili kriterije za procjenu kvalitete i intenziteta traumatskih sjećanja sadržane u radu Kvavilashvili (2014). Okolnosti silovanja analizirali smo s obzirom na to: A) je li žrtva silovana jednom od strane više osoba, više puta od strane više osoba ili od strane jedne osobe; B) je li žrtva bila u izolaciji ili nije; C) jesu li svjedoci bili prisutni činu ili odsutni; te D) je li silovatelj bio poznat ili nepoznat žrtvi. Rezultati: Žene-žrtve silovanja i seksualnog zlostavljanja silovane jednom od strane više osoba imaju značajno češće flashback epizode (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju veću učestalost ponavljanja intruzivnih autobiografskih sjećanja na traumatski događaj (6/20, 30%, P=0.041), značajno prisutnije spontano vraćanje flashback epizoda (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju najveću učestalost ponavljanja flashback epizoda (6/20, 30%, P=0.056), te češće emocionalno negativno vrednuju događaj (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), imaju življa sjećanja (45%, P=0.011), češće aktivno izbjegavaju sjećanja (45%, P=0.011), češće ponovno proživljavaju događaj (9/20, 45%, P=0.011). Učestalost „flashback“-ova je statistički značajno veća kada su prisutni svjedoci-očevidci događaju silovanja. Žrtve silovane u prisutnosti svjedoka-očevidca imaju i značajno češće spontano vraćanje flashback epizoda (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), značajno češće emocionalno negativno vrednuju događaj (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), češće živo opisuju događaj (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), češće aktivno izbjegavaju flashback epizode (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). te značajno češće ponovno proživljavaju događaj (flashback epizoda) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Poznavanje silovatelja od strane žrtve ne utječe statistički značajno na učestalost i kvalitetu traumatskih sjećanja. Zaključci: Učestalost i intenzitet nevoljnih intruzivnih prisjećanja osobito su naglašeni u žrtava koje su silovane jednom od strane više osoba i u onih silovanih u prisustvu svjedoka. Za razliku od toga, poznavanje silovatelja i izoliranost tijekom zlostavljanja ne utječu na učestalost i kvalitetu flashback epizoda.Objective: Objective of research was to evaluate quality and intensity of involuntary autobiographical memories, intrusive memories and flashbacks in testimony content of female sexual harassment victims at war. Material and Methods: We analyzed statements of 58 women, rape and sexual harassment victims at war (1991.-1995.). Testimonies were collected individualy in refugee accommodation (camp, hotel) and in rooms of „Medical center for rights of man“ in Zagreb, Split and Međugorje (Bosnia and Herzegovina). All persons participate voluntarily in questioning. Interview was usually conducted by one interviewer (psychologist or psychiatrist), who usually practiced noninterventionist strategy, encouraging free memory float to recall thoughts and emotions of respondents about their experiences. Testimony contains descriptions of observed phenomena, without researcher intention to judge cause validity or state repercussion. During content analysis objective was to evaluate quality and intensity of involuntary autobiographical memories, intrusive memories and flashbacks in testimony content of female sexual harassment victims at war. For analysis we used criteria from Kvavilashvili (2014) paper to evaluate quality and intensity of traumatic memories. We analyzed rape circumstances referring to: A) was victim raped one time by one person, multiple times by multiple persons or by one person; B) was victim isolated or was not; C) were witnesses present to act or absent; and D) was rapist known or unknown to victim. Results: Women-victims of rape and sexual harassment that were raped once by multiple persons have statistically significant more often flashbacks (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), more often have repetition of intrusive autobiographical memories of traumatic event (6/20, 30%, P=0.041), have more often spontaneous retrieval of flashbacks (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they have highest frequency of flashbacks repetition (6/20, 30%, P=0.056), they more often evaluate events emotionally negative (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they have more vivid memories (9/20, 45%, P=0.011), they more actively avoid memories ( 9/20, 45%, P=0.011), more often re-experience event (9/20, 45%, P=0.011). Flashbacks frequency is statistically significant higher when witnesses of rape event are present (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Victims raped in presence of eyewitness have statistically significant more often spontaneous retrieval of flashbacks (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), more often evaluate event as emotional negative (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), they have more vivid describe event (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048), more actively avoid flashbacks (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). and more often re-experience event (flashback) (11/32, 34.4%, P=0.048). Knowing rapist by victim does not affect statistically significant on frequency and quality of traumatic memories. Conclusions: Incidence and intensity of involuntary intrusive recalls are especially highlighted in victims who were raped once by multiple persons and in those who were raped in presence of witness. Unlike that, knowing rapist and isolation during harassment does not affect incidence and quality of flashbacks