The necessity of drawing up the annual production plan and the importance of establishment crop structure for next agricultural year

Planning represents establishment and substantiate the objectives, accomplish tasks and necessary resources for appropriate period plan ( of perspective, annual, quarterly, monthly). Drawing up annual production plan into a ferm is required primarily for evolution or involution recorded by economical phenomenes, which directly determines the operation of the farm. After determining the annual production plan can establish structures and cultures for the next agricultural year using modeling and simulation methods. Following the application of modeling and simulation methods in a farm resulting optimal dimensions of business operations with profit maximization in terms of economic efficiency increased

Assessment of binary inspection with a hybrid measurand

This paper addresses issues that arise in measurement system analysis of a binary measurement system if the measurand is a hybrid between a dichotomy and a continuum. A case study is presented, which illustrates methods to assess the error rates of binary measurements with such a hybrid measurand. The case study concerns pass/fail inspection of laptop screens for scratches, where the measurand is the presence or absence of scratches. If a scratch is present, the measurand corresponds with a continuum of scratch sizes, but if no scratch is present, the measurand corresponds with a point. It is argued that if the measurand is a hybrid, a standard logistic regression model is not suitable to estimate the characteristic curve relating the reject probability with the measurand. Several alternative specifications for the characteristic curve are introduced and compared. We conclude that many of the methods currently used for assessment of a binary measurement system with a hybrid measurand are unsuited. This is a remarkable conclusion, given the frequent occurrence in industry of leak tests, inspections for defects, and other binary measurement systems with a hybrid measurand

Measurement system analysis for binary inspection: continuous versus dichotomous measurands

We review methods for assessing the reliability of binary measurements, such as accept/reject inspection in industry. Our framework introduces two factors that are highly relevant in deciding which method to use: (1) whether a reference value (gold standard) can be obtained and (2) whether the underlying measurand is continuous or truly dichotomous. Artificially dichotomizing a continuous measurand, as is commonly done, creates complications that are underappreciated in the literature and in practice. In particular, it introduces an intrinsic reason for the assumption of conditional i.i.d. to be violated. For most methods, this is not crucial provided the samples are random (or at least representative). But, also for most methods, it is, in general, not clear how one can obtain a random sample from the relevant population. The taxonomy presents methods that are generally known in industry, such as nonparametric estimation of false-acceptance and false-rejection probabilities, AIAG’s analytic method (logistic regression), latent class modeling, and latent trait modeling. The methods discussed are applied to an example presented in the measurement-system- analysis manual from the automotive industry

The Statistical Evaluation of a Binary Test Based on Combined Samples

The statistical evaluation of the reliability of binary tests and inspections is a challenging endeavor. In this paper, we propose an approach for the common situation where the true condition of the inspected items is unobservable (“gold-standard unavailable”), the probabilities of false acceptance and false rejection vary across items, and rejections are relatively rare. Our approach fits a latent-variable model, where the variability in misclassification probabilities is driven by a continuous property of a part. To deal with the low prevalence of rejections, we propose sampling items from multiple sources. The performance and properties of the estimators are assessed using simulation, asymptotic approximations, and a real-life case at a car-parts manufacturer

Left atrial reverse remodeling predicts long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy

Background Left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling has been identified as a strong predictor of long-term survival in patients receiving CRT. Interestingly, CRT induces reverse remodeling in the left atrium (LA) as well. It is currently unknown to what extent LA reverse remodeling is correlated to long-term survival after CRT. This study aims to assess the long-term prognostic value of left atrium (LA) reverse remodeling in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Methods Baseline and 3-months follow-up echocardiograms after CRT implantation were prospectively assessed to determine changes in left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left atrial volume (LAV), and left atrial reservoir strain (LAS(r)). Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify predictors for long-term survival. Results In our study population of 99 patients with a mean follow-up of 6.3 +/- 2.1 years, 43 patients (43%) reached the end-point of all-cause mortality. More extensive LA reverse remodeling, as measured by a relative increase in LAS(r), was observed in survivors compared to non-survivors (43 [29-64] % vs. 8 [2-28] %, P < 0.001, respectively). After multivariate analysis, delta LAS(r) remained the only significant predictor of mortality [HR per 5%: 0.90 (0.86-0.95); AUC 0.78 (0.68-0.88)]. Conclusion An increase in LAS(r) is associated with favorable long-term outcome after CRT. The observed clinical importance of LA reverse remodeling after CRT asks for further validation in larger prospective cohorts

Left atrial reverse remodeling predicts long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy

Background Left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling has been identified as a strong predictor of long-term survival in patients receiving CRT. Interestingly, CRT induces reverse remodeling in the left atrium (LA) as well. It is currently unknown to what extent LA reverse remodeling is correlated to long-term survival after CRT. This study aims to assess the long-term prognostic value of left atrium (LA) reverse remodeling in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Methods Baseline and 3-months follow-up echocardiograms after CRT implantation were prospectively assessed to determine changes in left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left atrial volume (LAV), and left atrial reservoir strain (LAS(r)). Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify predictors for long-term survival. Results In our study population of 99 patients with a mean follow-up of 6.3 +/- 2.1 years, 43 patients (43%) reached the end-point of all-cause mortality. More extensive LA reverse remodeling, as measured by a relative increase in LAS(r), was observed in survivors compared to non-survivors (43 [29-64] % vs. 8 [2-28] %, P < 0.001, respectively). After multivariate analysis, delta LAS(r) remained the only significant predictor of mortality [HR per 5%: 0.90 (0.86-0.95); AUC 0.78 (0.68-0.88)]. Conclusion An increase in LAS(r) is associated with favorable long-term outcome after CRT. The observed clinical importance of LA reverse remodeling after CRT asks for further validation in larger prospective cohorts

Vascular Disease and Future Risk of Depressive Symptomatology in Older Adults: Findings from Health, Aging and Body Composition

Background: The vascular depression hypothesis suggests that age-related vascular diseases and risk factors contribute to late-life depression. Although neuroimaging studies provide evidence for an association between depression and severity of vascular lesions in the brain, studies of depression and indicators of vascular risk have been less consistent. Methods: We examined 1796 elders ages 70-79 from the Health, Aging and Body Composition study without depression at baseline and examined the association between prevalent vascular disease and related conditions at baseline and 2-year incidence of elevated depressive symptoms, defined as a score > 8 on the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Results: After adjustment for demographic data and physical and cognitive functioning, several vascular conditions remained associated with increased risk of depressive symptomatology including metabolic syndrome and its components (low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high fasting glucose), coronary heart disease, a positive Rose questionnaire for angina, and high hemoglobin a1c. Cumulative vascular risk based upon a composite of 10 vascular diseases and risk factors was independently associated with incident elevated depression at 2-year follow-up after controlling for demographic data, physical and cognitive functioning, and selected comorbid medical conditions. Conclusions: These results provide support for the vascular depression hypothesis in demonstrating an association between vascular conditions and risk factors and subsequent risk of depressive symptomatology. Older adults with vascular conditions and risk factors require close monitoring of depressive symptoms. © 2008 Society of Biological Psychiatry