Determinants of Households’ Multidimensional Poverty: The Case of Nekemte City, Oromia, Ethiopia

The study aimed at analyzing determinants of households’ multidimensional poverty in Nekemte City. To achieve this objective, the study used both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique was followed to draw 379 sample household heads. For data analysis, both econometric and descriptive method was applied. From econometric models, binary logit regression model was employed. The logit model result indicated that household heads’ educational level, family size, dependency ratio, income, house ownership, saving habit and social capital are the major factors significantly influencing households’ multidimensional poverty in the city. Based on the findings, the study suggests improving economic activities, promoting access to education and improving saving habits. Moreover, improved targeting devices can be useful instruments in reducing multidimensional poverty, in particular to reach those in severe poverty. Keywords: Multidimensional poverty, logit, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/JESD/13-23-01 Publication date: December 31st 202

Land Grabbing and Smallholders in Ethiopia

Land grabbing is global issue affecting smallholder farmer’s livelihood. With the objective of evaluating the impact of large scale agricultural Investments on the livelihoods of rural communities, this paper uses literatures on land grabbing supplemented by data from FAOstat and tries to identify the root causes of land grabbing and driving forces behind the agricultural investment in the country. It tries to assess the problems created due to introduction of large scale agricultural investment by foreign companies and its consequences on local communities. The remedial measures that should be used by the government to tackle the problems created due to high demand for agricultural land acquisitions were discussed for alternative policy option. Keywords: Land grabbing, Agricultural investment, Smallholders DOI: 10.7176/JPID/56-02 Publication date: November 30th 202

Contraceptive Use and Associated Factors among Dilla University Female Students, Southern Ethiopia

Background Decision making to use contraceptives by female university students involves a complex interaction of individual, social, family and peer factors. These elements take steps in combination with environmental and psychosocial factors such as access to facilities and attitudes towards sexual and reproductive behaviors that influence the contraceptive decision that university students make. Methods A cross sectional study design was used. The data were collected from 551 randomly selected female students of Dilla University by using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data were entered using EPI info Version 3.5.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics was computed and odds ratio along with the 95% confidence interval was estimated to identify factors associated with contraceptive use using multivariate logistic regression. Level of statistical significance was declared at P- value less or equal to 0.05. Results In this study the prevalence of contraceptive use was 20.9 % [95% CI 17.9, 23.9%]. Out of the total respondents, 180 (32.8%) were sexually active, from which 96 (53.3%) started their first sex at age 15-17 and 75 (41.7%) started their first sex at age 18-20. From 178 (32.3%) respondents that had sex in the last 12 months, more than half 115 (64.4%) had used contraceptives and 63 (35.6%) did not use contraceptive. Embarrassment to buy, fear of side effects and lack of information where to get the method were the main reasons for not using contraceptives. Attitude towards who should take responsibility was found to be a significantly associated with use contraceptive [AOR =4.2, 95% CI: (2.34 – 12.86)] and not discussing contraceptive issues with friends was found to be a significantly associated with not to use contraceptive [AOR =0.32, 95% CI: (0.15-0.70)]. Conclusion and recommendation Though the respondents’ information about contraceptives and attitude towards contraceptive use is optimum, the magnitude of non use contraceptive was found to be high among sexually active participants. Peer to peer discussions and pursuing mutual responsibility among sexual partners can enhance use of contraceptives among female university students. The university and local health bodies should work together to improve contraceptive use among sexually active students. Key words: contraceptives, adolescent and yout

Is the Demand for Health Care Income Elastic? The Case of 40 Sub-Saharan African Countries

This paper uses panel data (1995 to 2011) from 40 Sub-Sahara African countries to analyze the income elasticity of health care expenditure along with some of the other theoretical determinants. The empirical results of the instrumental variable approach indicate that per capita income is a core and statistically significant determining factor of health expenditure. The value of the elasticity is about 0.48, suggesting that health expenditure as a commodity is a necessity for this region. In simple words, the goal of the system in this region is curative rather than caring. The percentage of population age 65 or older and official development assistance are found to have a significant role in increasing health expenditure. This research recommends that healthcare expenditure in sub Saharan Africa be a priority as it is a necessity. Public investment on healthcare should also be seen as an opportunity towards promoting health and increasing production, as opposed to a burden

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Pregnant Women Attending Ante-Natal Care Unit at Public Hospitals of Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia: Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction:- Globally, the most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency, which is responsible for about half of anemia cases in pregnancy, and it is estimated that in developed countries 38% of pregnant women have iron depletion. In developing countries, the major causes of anemia in pregnancy are nutritional deficiencies, parasitic infestations, HIV infection, hemorrhage and some chronic medical disorders like renal and hepatic diseases. Recent statistics indicate that anemia affects 57% of pregnant women globally with the highest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Anemia is an indicator of nutritional deficiencies that significantly contribute to birth defects, preterm labour and low birth weight, hence it causes global public health problem. Despite interventions of treating and preventing maternal anemia, still many pregnant women are affected by anemia related health problems and the contributing factors. Objectives:- To assess knowledge, attitude and practice on prevention of Iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women attending ante-natal care unit at public Hospitals of Harar town, eastern Ethiopia from March, 12 - April 06, 2018. Method & Materials:- The study was done in Harar town on the public hospitals from March 12-April 12, 2018. The study design was institutional based cross sectional study. By using a single population formula & by making a correction formula our sample size was 128, which the pregnant women was select by simple random sampling from each Hospitals after proportional allocated based on the total sample size. The data was collected using close ended semi-structured questioners by trained 4 diploma nurses with 1 supervisor. For processing & analyzing SPSS version 20 was used & the data were presented by table, graph & chart using frequency & percentage of the results. Result: according to our study form total N=158 most 68% had no(Iron deficiency anemia) IDA, but 32% had IDA, most of them heard about anemia, most define anemia, knew cause & prevention method 75(58.6%), most had positive perception on consumption of folic acid, family planning, feed regular meal, also related to practice most take 76(59.4%) folic acid on current pregnancy, 72(56.3%) feed fiber rich food. Discussion: In our study the prevalence anemia shows 32% which indicate less than study done in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz, Egypt, Jordan,  higher than Armenia & Moldova this may due to sample size & study area difference. Similar study in Sierra Leone among the 185 subjects, majority (89.2%) had heard about anemia. Which is comparable to our study, 68.1% recognized lack of iron in food as the cause for anemia, which is low in our study. About 69.7% pointed that consuming iron rich foods could prevent anemia, in our study it is less. Conclusion and Recommendation: according to our study the prevalence of IDA were low, this may related to most had knew, had positive attitude and practice method use to prevent iron deficiency anemia. But there were 32% with IDA so to prevent this strengthens health education, involve private health institution & husbands of the pregnant mothers, health facilities & stakeholders should to work on increasing the awareness, positive perception & skill on prevention of IDA. Keywords: Knowledge , Attitude , Practice , Anemia DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/53-02 Publication date:March 31st 201

Prevalence of Anemia and Risk Factors Among Pregnant Mothers Attending Antenatal Care at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, South-West Ethiopia

Background: Anemia is one of the most frequently observed nutritional deficiency diseases in the world today .It is especially prevalent  in the women of reproductive age , particularly during pregnancy when it is contributing for maternal death. The diagnosis is made by clinical examination and investigation for hemoglobin or Hematocrite level .Depending on the hemoglobin level, anemia categorized as moderate and severe which is important for management. Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic at Jimma University Specialized Hospital from February to June, 2018 Methods: institutional based cross-sectional study was employed to assess the presence of anemia in all pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic of Jimma University Specialized Hospital. Finally collected data was analyzed by using SPSS. Depending on the clinical manifestation, assessing associated factors, laboratory determination of hemoglobin level and stool examination, the result were summarized by using tables and chi-square.  Results: A total of  207 mothers were  seen during the study period with 100% response rate Among the study population65(31.4%) had anemia with a mean hemoglobin level of 11.4gm/dl and 9.6gm/dl for   the total and anemic mothers  respectively  Regarding  age 105(50.7%) of the  study population were in the age group of 18-25 ,88(42.5%) were in the age group of 26-35 and 7(3.4%) of the study population were in the age group of <18 year and >35 years. 124 (59.9%) of the study population were  living in  urban,40.6% of the of the study population  had  attended secondary school and above. Anemia had a significant association (P<0.05) with hook worm infestation, chronic illness, parity and age of pregnant mothers. Conclusion: the result of this study showed that the occurrence of anemia in pregnancy has been present in large population of pregnant women. The rate of anemia being higher among grand multiparas, in third trimester of pregnancy and age more than 35 years and in mothers  who had chronic illnesses. Key words: Anemia, pregnant, ANC, JUSH DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/65-04 Publication date: August 31st 201

Behavioral, Demographic, and Clinical Determinants of HIV Serostatus in Zambian Women

The rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection shows a diminishing trend at the global level while it shows increasing in intensity of mortality, morbidity, and burden in Sub-Saharan Africa. The intertwined behavioral, demographic, and clinical determinants fueled the incidence of infections in Zambian women. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between demographic, behavioral, and clinical determinants with HIV serostatus in Zambian women. With the conceptual framework of the World Health Organization’s Commission for Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) and quantitative method of MANOVA, this study examined Zambian Demographic Health Survey data for Zambian women of two age groups (adolescent and adult). The findings showed statistically significant results in the association between HIV serostatus and self-perceived HIV risk for both groups and in the association between education and HIV serostatus among women in both groups (adolescents and adults). However, there was no statistically significant association between behavioral, demographic, and clinical determinants of HIV serostatus. These findings imply the need to conduct prospective studies to curb this deadly virus and improve community health for women in Africa

Is the Demand for Health Care Income Elastic? The Case of 40 Sub-Saharan African Countries

This paper uses panel data (1995 to 2011) from 40 Sub-Sahara African countries to analyze the income elasticity of health care expenditure along with some of the other theoretical determinants. The empirical results of the instrumental variable approach indicate that per capita income is a core and statistically significant determining factor of health expenditure. The value of the elasticity is about 0.48, suggesting that health expenditure as a commodity is a necessity for this region. In simple words, the goal of the system in this region is curative rather than caring. The percentage of population age 65 or older and official development assistance are found to have a significant role in increasing health expenditure. This research recommends that healthcare expenditure in sub Saharan Africa be a priority as it is a necessity. Public investment on healthcare should also be seen as an opportunity towards promoting health and increasing production, as opposed to a burden

Proximate Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Different Released and Improved Onion (Allium cepa L.) Bulbs Varieties

Since its significant an ingredient in various dishes, medicinal property, nutritional worth and energy value, red onions (Allium cepa L.) impart numerous health benefits to users. The purpose of this research was to determine proximate composition and selected physicochemical properties of different red onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties grown at same field management condition in Ethiopia as well as comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard reference.  All field and laboratory data was analyzed one way ANOVA SAS statically soft ware and the result of agronomy data was indicated that there were a significant difference in marketable and unmarketable yield in terms of number and weight of bulbs among the onion varieties (P<0.05) while no significant different in data of stand count at 1 1/2 and harvested time, bulb skin thickness, color, shape of full grown bulb and weight of bulb. The result of physical parameters showed that significant difference among the varieties in JV, JW and TSS content but no significant difference in Juice color, MC and pungency at (P< 0.05).Statically comparative study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition between studied varieties and standard reference and the result showed that Ethiopian onion cultivars were high in ash (4.14±0.12- 8.3±0.14%), protein (8.6±0.03 –10.84±1.23%) and fiber (3.82± - 5.15±0.12%) content than standard (0.35, 3.1,1.7% respectively) but low in vitamin C(2.21±0.11- 4.41±0.12 mg/100g), carbohydrate (16.77±1.1-21.87±0.4 g/100g) and energy value(109.45± 3.3– 137.43±7.1 KJ/100g) than standard(7.4,35.87,166 KJ/100g respectively). The levels of pH value (5.41±0 - 2-5.59±0.1), fat (0.68±0.7-0.85±0.12%) content were almost identical among varieties and standard (5.29, 0.84%) respectively. Keywords: Onion, Varieties, Proximate analysis, Physical parameters, ANOV

The effect of silvicultural management on regeneration, growth and yield of Arundinaria alpina (Highland bamboo) at Choke Mountain, East Gojam, Northwest Ethiopia

With the objective of determining the effects of silvicultural management on regeneration and growth of mismanaged Arundinaria alpina stands, an experiment was conducted in the Choke Mountain, northwest Ethiopia. Eight soil and plant management techniques that comprise soil loosening, selective thinning and removal of old stumps were splited on two levels of organic fertilizer and applied on one hectare communally owned bamboo stand. Effect of the treatments was observed from data collected in 2009 and 2010 rainy seasons. The number of recruited culms of previous years (2007 and 2008) which had intermittent protection from human and livestock interference was also quantified employing culm age determination techniques. Result of combined analysis of 2009 and 2010 indicated that soil loosening combined with selective thinning and removal of old stumps resulted in culm recruitment of 13,750 plants ha-1, i.e. 37% higher than the control plot. This treatment combination decreased shoot mortality by 61% less than the control and increased culm recruitment by 40 % more than the control plot during the 2009 shooting season. Culm diameter and height of individual culms recruited in 2009 and 2010 showed increasing trend across the two years. Comparison of culm recruitment of previous years with recruitments after treatment application indicated that with improved management, including protection from interference, culm yield of communally owned bamboo stands can be maximized by 158-589%.Keywords: soil loosening, selective thinning, highland bamboo, silviculture, Yushania alpin