Diluidores vegetais para sêmen dos animais domésticos. III - Infuso de folhas fenadas de alfafa (Medicago sativa) e de folhas fenadas de guandu (Cajanus sp) como diluidores do sêmen de bovinos

The authors observed the bahaviour "in vitro" and "in vivo", of bovine spermatic material, diluted in infusion of dried alfafa leaves and dried "guandu" leaves, plus 50% of egg-yolk. Results obtained with semen diluted in those mixtures and preserved at 2-7ºC were considered good for the first 96 hours of preservation. It was observes that samples diluted in dried "guandu" leaves infusion presented lower number of living spermatozoa than samples diluted in dried alfafa leaves infusion in the first 96 of preservation. However, for a period of 240 hours of preservation the number of dead cells was larger in alfafa misture than in "guandu" one. The above mentioned diluters were prepared as following: 1) Dried alfafa leaves of dried "guandu" leaves were put in boiling water for 2 or 3 minutes in the proportion of 1:10. 2) The infusions were filtrated in gauze and the pH adjusted to 6.8 with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and sterilized by tyndallization. 3) seven hundred and fifty units of sodic penicillin and 750 mg of streptomycin sulphats were added for each ml of the infusion. egg-yolk was added in the basis of 1:1. Conception rate in cows inseminated with semen diluted in those diluters (pregnant diagnosis by palpation) were 52,8% for alfafa (17 cows inseminated) and 55,5% for "guandu" (18 cows inseminated). Although the rates of conception can not be classified as satisfactory, local conditions must be considered. Cows were inseminated in the worse period of the year (dry season) and were in fair condition of nutrition.O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês

Monstros anidianos em bovinos

The authors studied two cases of anidian monsters eliminated after calving of two females of Holstein Frisian breed variety black and white. By gross examination, the monsters were characterized by ovoid structure, covered with skin and hair weighing 970 and 320 grammes. They verified also that both of the structure were made by connective tissue rich in vessels and fat tissue as well. Histological sections were carried out in order to study the different tissue found. The authors believe after looking over the literature that these monsters were the first cases found in the veterinary literature in Brazil.Os autores estudaram dois casos de monstros anidianos expulsos após parto normal de duas fêmeas da raça holandesa, variedade preta e branca. Macroscopicamente, êsses monstros eram caracterizados por formações ovóides, recobertas de pele e pêlos, pesando 970 e 320 gramas. Verificaram, ainda, que ambas as formações eram constituídas de tecido conjuntivo, rico em vasos, e de tecido adiposo. Cortes histológicos foram, igualmente, executados para estudar a natureza dos tecidos1 encontrados. Face à pesquisa bibliográfica compulsada, adiantam, ainda, serem os primeiros casos descritos na literatura veterinária no Brasil

Relação dos sexos em bezerros provenientes de inseminação artificial

The AA., utilizing 1048 cattle births coming from the artificial insemination, during 1952 to May 1956, studied the probable influences of different factors (semen age, sire, month in which was carried out the insemination, dry — April to September — and rainy — October to March — seasons and females breeds), on the sex ratio. The sex ratio found on 523 males and 525 females was 49.9 ± 50.1 ± 1.5%. In connection with the semen age, the sex ratio showed apparent predominance of females in the 24th hours and in the 96th hours of conservation, but in the interval from 48 the to 72th hours and 120 to 252th hours, there were predominance of males. However, these differences were not significant statistically (Chisquare). The arrangement of the data in I, II and I I I tables, is such as to lead to the conclusion that the factors studied do not materially affect the sex ratio. The data were submitted to the statistical analysis (Chi-square). During that period, were born 23 twins (2.2%) being 25 males and 21 females.Os AA. pesquisaram a possível influência de diversos fatores — idade do sêmen pelo período de conservação, touro, mês de inseminação, períodos de sêca e águas, e raças das fêmeas — sôbre a relação dos sexos, na espécie bovina, utilizando 1048 nascimentos provenientes de Inseminação Artificial, durante o período de 1952 a maio de 1956. Relativamente à idade do sêmen, as proporções de sexo revelaram aparente predominância de fêmeas nas primeiras 24 horas de conservação e na 96a. hora, enquanto que, para o intervalo de 48 a 72 horas e 120 a 252 horas, houve predominância de machos. Contudo, essas diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes quando interpretadas pelo emprêgo do teste X2. As diferenças apuradas no comportamento do sêmen dos touros, assim como o mês de inseminação, períodos de sêca e águas e influência das raças das fêmeas sôbre o sexo dos produtos, foram devidas exclusivamente ao acaso. Durante aquêle período, nos 1048 nascimentos, houve incidência de 23 pares de gêmeos (2,2%), sendo 25 machos e 21 fêmeas

The effect of cobalt bullets supplement in the cattle

The effect of cobalt bullets therapy on the cattle was determined in seven matched pairs of animals. The cattle used comprised mixed Frisian and 1/4 or ½ Brahman blood. Throughout the experiment the cattle grazed only in cobalt deficient areas. It seems that the cobalt bullets treatment did not affect the growth's rate of animals when compared with the control group. The difference in favor of treated animals did not attain significance. The dressing percentage of the whole carcass was calculated, showing 47 and 46%, for the treated and control groups, respectively. Throughout the thirteen months of the experiment, the mean variation of the body weights was about 16%.O efeito do tratamento através de balas de cobalto foi estudado em sete pares de bovinos, com sangue holandês e zebu, mantidos durante treze meses em regime de pasto deficiente em cobalto. Os resultados parecem indicar que o lote de animais que recebeu as balas de cobalto não apresentou diferenças de ganho de pêso que pudessem ser consideradas significantes em relação ao lote testemunho. Os rendimentos das carcaças — quartos dianteiro e traseiro— foram de 47% e 46% para os lotes tratado e testemunho, respectivamente. Durante o decurso do ensaio, as variações dos pesos absolutos foram de ordem média de 16%

Avaliação do consumo de forragens e determinação de excreção de fezes, em zebu (Bos Indicus), através dos indicadores: óxido crômico e cromogênios

An experiment was conducted in order to study the applicability of marker techniques - chromic oxide and chromogens - for the purpose of determining the fecal output and measurement of feed intake by Brahman cattle (Bos indicus). The chromic oxide was administered once daily in gelatine capsules. Fecal samples were taken at 6 A.M., noon and 6 P. M. and were totally collected during days, as well. Chromogens expressed in units per gram of roughages or feces (dry basis) and chromium oxide per cent of fecal dry matter, were determined on all the samples. The chromic oxide concentration of feces taken at 6 A.M., noon, 6 P.M. and bulked on seven consecutive days, as well as the mixed feces representing the total amount voided during 7 days period provided no accurate estimates of the total fecal output when the SMITH and REID (’55) equation was applied. The coefficients of correlation between the fecal output values determined conventionally and the estimates secured according SMITH and REID ('55) equation, were + 0.75 and + 0.89 for the total collection and the pooled 6 A.M. and 6 P.M. collection, respectively. Then, after using the SMTHI and REID ('55) equation, were proposed two other regression equations in order to correct the values and to obtain accurate estimates of the total fecal output in Brahman cattle. After correcting the total fecal excretion values it was possible to compute accurate levels of the dry matter intake employing the REID et al ( '50 - '52) equations. The modified procedure suggested by REID et al ('52) for calibrating the method of measuring the chromogens concentration, in the roughages, presented, for the Coleman Universal, model 14, the equation as follows: Y = 54.99-26.92 log X, where: Y = concentration of chromogens in the roughages, expressed in units per 100 ml of extract, X = per cent of transmitted light. In relation with the excretion pattern of feces, as small as + 3.2 g of chromic oxide administered daily, in capsule form showed reduced variation - 8% - among animals. The data suggested also that since the concentrate feeds contain very small quantities of chromogen absorving light at 405 mμ, large error was encountered when the chromogen content was determined on the whole ration. Then, more accurate results may be obtained if the chromogens are determined only on the roughage.O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês

Aplicabilidade dos métodos indicadores - óxido crômico e cromogênios - para a determinação da digestabilidade aparente, em zebu (Bis indicus)

A trial was carried out the objectives of which were: a) to examine the applicability of the indicator methods - chromic oxide and chromogens -, for determining the apparent digestibility and, b) to study the excretion pattern of the two indicators. As experimental animals, were used young Brahman cattle (Bos indicus) that were born free on the range while the experiment was conducted in the stall. A small amount of chromic oxide was administered in gelatin capsules once daily and the animals received a ration containing concentrate and roughages - Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and Guatemala grass (Tripsacum laxum, Nash). Fecal samples were taken at 6 A. M., noon and 6 P. M. Feces were also totally collected during 7 days of the same collection period. Chromic oxide per cent of fecal dry matter and chromogens in units per gram of roughage or feces (dry basis), were determined on all the samples. The results referring to the digestibility obtained by the chromic oxide method comparing with the conventional showed significant differences in total, noon and 6 P. M., collections periods. The pooled values from 6 A. M. and noon, at one side, and 6 A. M.,noon and 6 P. M., at the other, showed no significant differences in relation with the conventional. In spite of the fact that a reduced number of chromogens units was found in the roughages and fecal samples, the results obtained with this method, exception made to the noon collection period, compared with the conventional, showed no significant differences. As it occurs with European cattle, the hand-feed animals showed the highest recovery level of chromic oxide at 6 A. M. and the lowest at 6 P. M. Part of the variability was probably associated with the recognized variation in the total amount of feces voided from day to day and during the hours of the same day. The total fecal output during the interval of time between 6 A. M. till 6 P. M. was 30% higher than during the same period at night. It was also recognized that complete recovery of ingested chromic oxide from the feces is not essential in the computation of digestibility. The data suggested that sampling times should be selected, so that the most accurate estimates of digestibility may be obtained. It appears more important to secure aliquots of feces samples than to obtain equal weights of them due to the large variations in the excretion pattern. The digestibility coefficients found in relation with the nutrients of the ration, disclosed that the chromic oxide method presented also lower results than the other two methods investigated. The highest digestibility levels were found for the crude fiber and fat. In Brahman cattle, it was observed that the preliminary period maybe shortened by five or six days, maybe due to the smaller intestinal tract compared with the European cattle (Bos taurus).O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês

Efeito da substituição parcial do milho pela polpa cítrica peletizada no desenvolvimento e na qualidade da carcaça de suínos

Foram utilizados 10 suínos machos castrados, 1/2 e 3/4 de sangue Landrace x Duroc-Jersey, com peso médio inicial de 21,7 kg. Estudou- se o efeito da substituição parcial do fubá de milho pela polpa cítrica peletizada, no desenvolvimento dos animais e na qualidade de suas carcaças, concluindo-se que até o nível de 15%, a polpa cítrica poderá substituir o fubá de milho, sem que ocorra qualquer alteração no ritmo de desenvolvimento ou nas características principais da carcaça dos suínos.Ground pelleted citrus pulp replaced 15% of corn on rations fed to pigs from 22 to 95 kg. Experiment followed a randomized complete block design with two treatments and five replicates. Average daily gains and feed/gain were: A (0% citrus pulp) — .901 kg and 3.16, B (15% citrus pulp) — .863 kg and 3.06. No statistical significant differences were noticed. Equally no significant effect was detected for carcass length (cm ) : A = 77.3 and B = 78.8; leg lenght (cm ): A = 57.0 and B = 58.1; backfat thickness (cm ): A - 3.93 and B = 3.69; loin eye area (cm2) : A = 24.73 and B = 23.32; dressing (% ) : A — 78.5 and B = 77.1; lean cuts (% ) : A — 4 4 .7 and B = 47.1; separable fat (% ) : A - 37.2 and B = 35.2

Polpa cítrica peletizada para bovinos em confinamento

During 140 experimental days, ground pelleted citrus pulp replaced ground corn ears in rations for fattening cattle. Ration A, contained no citrus pulp and 30% ground corn ears; rations B, contained 15% from each of them and ration C, contained 30% citrus pulp and no ground corn ears. Average daily gains were-. A = .792 kg; B = .957 kg and C = .992 kg. Feed conversions were: A = 12.590 : 1; B = 11.626 : 1 and C = 111.232 : 1. Weight gains data underwent statistical analysis followed by Duncans procedure which declared treatments B and C greater than treatment A. but equal between themselves. These results suggest that dried, citrus pulp is a good replacer for ground corn ears in rations for fattening cattle.A polpa cítrica “peletizada” substituiu parcial e totalmente as espigas de milho desintegradas num experimento de blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos e seis repetições, totalizando 18 bovinos mestiços holandeses, todos machos inteiros e com idade inicial aproximada de 17 meses. Após 140 dias experimentais, os animais apresentaram, em média, os seguintes ganhos em peso, diários: A = 0,792 kg; B = 0,957 kg e C = 0,992 kg. Os pesos médios dos animais, inicial e final, foram respectivamente: A = 244,0 e 383,0 kg; B — 21/6,0 e 380,0 kg; C = 244,0 e 383,0 kg. Houve diferença estatística significativa ao nível de 5% de probabilidade e pelo teste de DUNCAN , o s tratamentos B e C foram superiores ao tratamento A, porém iguais entre si

Diluição do sêmen de bovino em leite desnatado em pó

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to study the use of powdered skimmilk as a diluter for bovine semen. Commercial powdered skimmilk used in these experiments had the specifications as follows: The technique carried out to prepare the skimmilk dilutor was: a) dilution of powdered skimmilk in bi-distiled water (1:8); h) filtration after slitting; c) heating till boilling four times; d) filtration; e) cooling; f) addition of antibiotiques (penicillin and streptomycin); g) dilution of semen at 37®C of temperature. In laboralory test the skimmilk diluter compared as satisfactory as yolk-citrate diluter. On the basis of 84 inseminations with diluted semen on skimmilk diluter 51 calves were born (60.71%). For semen diluter in yolk-citrate 503 calves resulted from 1.094 inseminations (45.97%). Based upon satisfactory results it appears that the powdered skimmilk offers a convenient diluter for semen mainly due: a) an even composition; b) facility to sterilize; c) the powdered skimmilk can be kept for long time without damage; d) the diluter can be preserved at low temperature for long time; e) it is easy to prepare and there are facilities to buy for low prices.A fim de verificar a possibilidade de se empregar o leite desnatado em pó como meio diluidor para sêmen de bovino, foram realizados estudos de laboratório e de campo. Os primeiros, para avaliar a capacidade do diluidor em manter vivos os espermatozóides por tempo considerado satisfatório. Os segundos, para julgar a capacidade fertilizante do material. O leite desnatado em pó foi adquirido no comércio com as seguintes características: produto obtido do leite fresco, previamente pasteurizado e pulverizado pelo “spray-drying”, apresentando a seguinte composição: Gordura ............................................................................... 0,8% Proteínas ........................................................................... 38,0% Lactose ............................................................................... 50,7% Sais minerais ...................................................................... 7,5% Umidade ............................................................................. 3,0% A técnica de preparo seguida foi a seguinte: a) diluição do leite em pó na proporção de 1 para 8 de água bidistilada esterilizada; b) filtração em papel de filtro; c) aquecimento até levantamento da fervura por quatro vezes; d) nova filtração; e) resfriamento; f) adição de antibióticos; g) diluição do sêmen à temperatura de 37°C. Os resultados de laboratório obtidos foram considerados plenamente satisfatórios, quando comparados com os do diluidor gema-citrato. De 84 inseminações realizadas com sêmen diluido em leite desnatado em pó verificaram-se 51 nascimentos (60,71%). Para 503 nascimentos provenientes de sêmen diluido em gema-citrato, foram necessárias 1.094 inseminações (45,97%). Tais resultados parecem indicar possibilidades para o diluidor leite em pó desnatado, especialmente quando se consideram os seguintes pontos: a) utilização de um material padronizado em sua composição; b) facilidade de esterilização; c) conservação quase indefinida do leite em pó devidamente acondicionado; d) possibilidade de conservação do diluidor reconstituído, em geladeira,durante longo tempo; e) rapidez no preparo; f) baixo custo de obtenção; g) facilidade de aquisição

Comportamento de bezerros holandeses em ambientes natural e aquecido

Twelve Holstein male calves. 5 months old, were used for two treatments: A) normal environment and B) climatic chamber. Climatic chamber was put on daily form 1 to 5 p.m., with a temperature of 30°C. Roughage consumptions and weight gains were similar after 64 days of observations. Rectal temperatures were higher but not significantly and respiratory rate were signicantly higher in climatic chamber calves.Dose bezerros machos Holandeses com 5 meses de idade foram utilizados em 2 tratamentos: a) ambiente natural e b) câmara climática. A câmara era ligada diariamente das 13 às 17 horas, mantendo temperatura aproximada de30◦C. Os consumos de alimentos volumosos, fornecidos ad libitum, e os ganhos de peso foram semelhantes ao fim de 64 dias de experimentação. As temperaturas internas foram algo maiores, mas não significativamente maiores e as frequências respiratórias foram significativamente maiores para os bezerros dentro da câmara climática