A fish stinks from the head: Ethnic diversity, segregation, and the collapse of Yugoslavia

Demographic analysis clarifies political issues in the collapse of Yugoslavia. In most regions, 1961-1991, ethnic diversity (estimated by informational entropy) increased and segregation (estimated by Theil’s H) decreased. In a few regions there was a reversal in 1991 as migration flows or presentations of self perhaps changed in anticipation of war. The analysis strengthens refutations of the view that long standing ethnic hatreds were the root cause of the Yugoslav collapse and supports analyses that attribute collapse to general economic crisis, economic competition between regions, and failures at the peak of government.collapse of Yugoslavia, diversity, ethnic politics, ethnicity, segregation, Yugoslavia

Jurisdictional environmental coordination, Gloucester County, Virginia

The ability to coordinate the management of human activities in the landscape from an environmental perspective has been a desired, yet elusive, interest. The ability to accurately value environmental functions economically has confounded this process; but conflicts are not confined to the obvious ones between economics and the environment. Even those activities within the field of environmental management are not always harmonious. A myriad of management activities administered at various levels of government results in a web of responsibilities lacking in any central coordination. Varied local, state, and federal programs administered by different agencies have missions that put them in conflict with other agencies and programs

Virginia’s Coastal Program: Strategic Mapping of Management Goals

Virginia’s Coastal Resources Management Program is a networked program bringing together the activities of many state agencies and institutions to achieve the overarching mission of coastal zone management. The Program’s objectives were originally set out in a series of 25 goals in the 1986 Executive Order (see Appendix B) that established the Program for the Commonwealth under the federal Coastal Zone Management Act. Beginning in May of 1999, representatives of the Virginia state agencies involved with the networked Coastal Program attended a series of meetings to develop logic maps of these twenty-five goals. This document represents the final results of these efforts, which took place over a two and a half year period. The goals which were mapped are the results of early efforts to reformulate the goals to better fit today’s social, economic and environmental objectives, and as such include several rewrites and one combination of two of the original goals, resulting in a total of 24 mapped Program Goals

Modelling and experimental investigation of carangiform locomotion for control

We propose a model for planar carangiform swimming based on conservative equations for the interaction of a rigid body and an incompressible fluid. We account for the generation of thrust due to vortex shedding through controlled coupling terms. We investigate the correct form of this coupling experimentally with a robotic propulsor, comparing its observed behavior to that predicted by unsteady hydrodynamics. Our analysis of thrust generation by an oscillating hydrofoil allows us to characterize and evaluate certain families of gaits. Our final swimming model takes the form of a control-affine nonlinear system

Validation of Contrast and Phenomenology in the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing (DIRS) Lab\u27s Image Generation (DIRSIG) Model

Comparison of the components and the overall fidelity of infrared synthetic image generation models with truth data and imagery is a crucial part of determining model validity and identifying areas in which improvements can be made. The Rochester Institute of Technology\u27s Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation Model, DIRSIG, was validated in the midwave infrared (MWIR) and longwave infrared (LWIR) regions using measured meteorological, material, and radiometric data. Error propagation techniques clearly defmed areas where improvements to the model could be made (e.g. inclusion of clouds). An overall comparison of truth and synthetic images yields RMS errors of as low as 1.8°C for actual temperature, and 5°C (LWIR) and 6°C (MWIR) for apparent temperatures. Analysis of rank order correlation statistic shows a very high correlation between brightness rank for object in the truth and DIRSIG images for most times of day

Prioritizing the protection and creation of natural and naturebased features for coastal resilience using a GIS-based ranking framework – an exportable approach

Increasing the preservation and creation of natural and nature-based features (NNBF), like wetlands, living shorelines, beaches, dunes and other natural features to improve community resilience in the face of increasing coastal flooding may be achieved by highlighting the locally relevant benefits that these features can provide. Here we present a novel application of the least-cost geospatial modeling approach to generate inundation pathways that highlight landscape connections between NNBF and vulnerable infrastructure. Inundation pathways are then used to inform a ranking framework that assesses NNBF based on their provision of benefits and services to vulnerable infrastructure and for the broader community including 1) the flooding mitigation potential of NNBF, 2) the relative impact of those NNBF on local infrastructure, and 3) co-benefits for the broader community linked to incentive programs like nutrient reduction crediting and the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Community Rating System. Inundation pathways are also used to identify locations lacking in benefits from NNBF as target areas for NNBF restoration or creation. This approach, applied here for coastal Virginia, with project outputs available via an interactive map viewer1, can be customized for application in any community to identify high-priority NNBF that are particularly beneficial for preservation and to identify target areas for new or restored features

Medial prefrontal cortex circuit function during retrieval and extinction of associative learning under anesthesia

Associative learning is encoded under anesthesia and involves the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Neuronal activity in mPFC increases in response to a conditioned stimulus (CS+) previously paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) but not during presentation of an unpaired stimulus (CS-) in anesthetized animals. Studies in conscious animals have shown dissociable roles for different mPFC subregions in mediating various memory processes, with the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) cortex involved in the retrieval and extinction of conditioned responding, respectively. Therefore PL and IL may also play different roles in mediating the retrieval and extinction of discrimination learning under anesthesia. Here we used in vivo electrophysiology to examine unit and local field potential (LFP) activity in PL and IL before and after auditory discrimination learning and during later retrieval and extinction testing in anesthetized rats. Animals received repeated presentations of two distinct sounds, one of which was paired with footshock (US). In separate control experiments animals received footshocks without sounds. After discrimination learning the paired (CS+) and unpaired (CS-) sounds were repeatedly presented alone. We found increased unit firing and LFP power in PL and, to a lesser extent, IL after discrimination learning but not after footshocks alone. After discrimination learning, unit firing and LFP power increased in PL and IL in response to presentation of the first CS+, compared to the first CS-. However, PL and IL activity increased during the last CS- presentation, such that activity during presentation of the last CS+ and CS- did not differ. These results confirm previous findings and extend them by showing that increased PL and IL activity result from encoding of the CS+/US association rather than US presentation. They also suggest that extinction may occur under anesthesia and might be represented at the neural level in PL and IL

Disappearance Of The Natural Emergent 3-Dimensional Oyster Reef System Of The James River, Virginia, 1871-1948

Anecdotal reports have long indicated that oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), in the Chesapeake Bay once grew in large 3-dimensional reef structures. However, hard evidence of widespread 3-dimensional oyster reefs in the Chesapeake Bay has been scarce. This study uses data collected from historic charts of the James River, one of the most productive oyster producing tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay, to examine the natural occurrence of these reefs as well as their destruction. An early series of charts from the 1870s clearly documents widespread emergent oyster reefs in the James River from Burwell\u27s Bay to Newport News Point. They were long, fairly wide, and shoal-like and oriented at right angles to the current. A 1940s series of charts indicates that by this time nearly all of these reefs had become submerged. Paired t-tests indicate a significant decrease in reef height and volume but not in reef area. This suggests that oysters and shell have been physically removed from the reefs. This likely had a major impact on water circulation patterns over and around the reefs, which may also have further adversely affected oyster populations

Henry Wells Lawrence Memorial Lectures, Number 2

Second, third, and fourth lectures in a series established in honor of Henry Wells Lawrence, Professor of History at Connecticut College. Contents of this volume are: The Pattern of Democratic Change in the United States: Andrew Jackson and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Jr., Associate Professor of History, Harvard University The Problem of the Democratization of Germany, Carl Joachim Friedrich, Professor of Government, Harvard University Variations on the Liberal Theme, Alpheus Thomas Mason, McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence, Princeton Universityhttps://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/ccbooks/1008/thumbnail.jp

SUMMARY OF THE WORKSHOP ON PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL DEFECTS AND NEUROLOGIC ABNORMALITIES FROM CHEMICAL EXPOSURES

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73502/1/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56627.x.pd