Role of Neuropeptide Y in Myocardial Contractility of Rats during Early Postnatal Ontogeny

© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York. We studied the effect of neuropeptide Y in concentrations of 10–10-10–6 M on myocardial contractility of rats at the age of 7, 21, and 100 days. Studying the isometric contraction of myocardial strips showed that neuropeptide Y decreases the force of myocardial contraction in 7-day-old rat pups. Exogenous neuropeptide Y produced a biphasic effect in 21-day-old rats, which was manifested in the increase and subsequent decrease in myocardial contractility. Neuropeptide Y had little effect on myocardial contractility of 100-day-old animals

Role of Neuropeptide Y in Myocardial Contractility of Rats during Early Postnatal Ontogeny

© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York. We studied the effect of neuropeptide Y in concentrations of 10–10-10–6 M on myocardial contractility of rats at the age of 7, 21, and 100 days. Studying the isometric contraction of myocardial strips showed that neuropeptide Y decreases the force of myocardial contraction in 7-day-old rat pups. Exogenous neuropeptide Y produced a biphasic effect in 21-day-old rats, which was manifested in the increase and subsequent decrease in myocardial contractility. Neuropeptide Y had little effect on myocardial contractility of 100-day-old animals

Role of Neuropeptide Y in Myocardial Contractility of Rats during Early Postnatal Ontogeny

© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York. We studied the effect of neuropeptide Y in concentrations of 10–10-10–6 M on myocardial contractility of rats at the age of 7, 21, and 100 days. Studying the isometric contraction of myocardial strips showed that neuropeptide Y decreases the force of myocardial contraction in 7-day-old rat pups. Exogenous neuropeptide Y produced a biphasic effect in 21-day-old rats, which was manifested in the increase and subsequent decrease in myocardial contractility. Neuropeptide Y had little effect on myocardial contractility of 100-day-old animals

Role of Neuropeptide Y in Myocardial Contractility of Rats during Early Postnatal Ontogeny

© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York. We studied the effect of neuropeptide Y in concentrations of 10–10-10–6 M on myocardial contractility of rats at the age of 7, 21, and 100 days. Studying the isometric contraction of myocardial strips showed that neuropeptide Y decreases the force of myocardial contraction in 7-day-old rat pups. Exogenous neuropeptide Y produced a biphasic effect in 21-day-old rats, which was manifested in the increase and subsequent decrease in myocardial contractility. Neuropeptide Y had little effect on myocardial contractility of 100-day-old animals

The diversity of neuronal phenotypes in rodent and human autonomic ganglia

Selective sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways that act on target organs represent the terminal actors in the neurobiology of homeostasis and often become compromised during a range of neurodegenerative and traumatic disorders. Here, we delineate several neurotransmitter and neuromodulator phenotypes found in diverse parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia in humans and rodent species. The comparative approach reveals evolutionarily conserved and non-conserved phenotypic marker constellations. A developmental analysis examining the acquisition of selected neurotransmitter properties has provided a detailed, but still incomplete, understanding of the origins of a set of noradrenergic and cholinergic sympathetic neuron populations, found in the cervical and trunk region. A corresponding analysis examining cholinergic and nitrergic parasympathetic neurons in the head, and a range of pelvic neuron populations, with noradrenergic, cholinergic, nitrergic, and mixed transmitter phenotypes, remains open. Of particular interest are the molecular mechanisms and nuclear processes that are responsible for the correlated expression of the various genes required to achieve the noradrenergic phenotype, the segregation of cholinergic locus gene expression, and the regulation of genes that are necessary to generate a nitrergic phenotype. Unraveling the neuron population-specific expression of adhesion molecules, which are involved in axonal outgrowth, pathway selection, and synaptic organization, will advance the study of target-selective autonomic pathway generation

Assessing written work by determining competence to achieve the module-specific learning outcomes.

This chapter describes lasers and other sources of coherent light that operate in a wide wavelength range. First, the general principles for the generation of coherent continuous-wave and pulsed radiation are treated including the interaction of radiation with matter, the properties of optical resonators and their modes as well as such processes as Q-switching and mode-locking. The general introduction is followed by sections on numerous types of lasers, the emphasis being on todayʼs most important sources of coherent light, in particular on solid-state lasers and several types of gas lasers. An important part of the chapter is devoted to the generation of coherent radiation by nonlinear processes with optical parametric oscillators, difference- and sum-frequency generation, and high-order harmonics. Radiation in the extended ultraviolet (EUV) and x-ray ranges can be generated by free electron lasers (FEL) and advanced x-ray sources. Ultrahigh light intensities up to 1021 W/cm2 open the door to studies of relativistic laser–matter interaction and laser particle acceleration. The chapter closes with a section on laser stabilization