Consumption-Based CO2 Emissions on Sustainable Development Goals of SAARC Region

Consumption-based CO2 emission (CBE) accounting shows the possibility of global carbon leakage. Very little attention has been paid to the amount of emissions related to the consumption of products and services and their impact on sustainable development goals (SDGs), especially in the SAARC region. This study used a CBE accounting method to measure the CO2 emissions of five major SAARC member countries. Additionally, a Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and a causality model were used to investigate the long-term effects of the CBE and SDG variables between 1972 and 2015. The results showed that household consumption contributed more than 62.39% of CO2 emissions overall in the SAARC region. India had the highest household emissions, up to 37.27%, and Nepal contributed the lowest, up to 0.61%. The total imported emissions were the greatest in India (16.88 Gt CO2) and Bangladesh (15.90 Gt CO2). At the same time, the results for the long-term relationships between the CBEs and SDGs of the SAARC region showed that only the combustible renewables and waste (CRW) variable is significant for most of these countries. The sharing of the responsibility for emissions between suppliers and customers could encourage governments and policymakers to make global climate policy and sustainable development decisions,which are currently stalled by questions over geographical and past emission inequities

Assessing a hierarchical sustainable solid waste management structure with qualitative information:policy and regulations drive social impacts and stakeholder participation

This study contributes to building a valid hierarchical sustainable solid waste management (SSWM) attribute set with qualitative information, which is a complicated and ambiguous problem with uncertainties. Few studies have provided qualitative information and have addressed the interrelationships and interdependencies among the hierarchical SSWM attributes. SSWM has recently become a difficult problem to solve due to urbanization, inequality, and economic growth. This study aims to propose an SSWM attribute set and identify a causal model through linguistic preferences by using a fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory approach to simultaneously handle the uncertainty and the interrelationships. The analytic network process is used to develop the hierarchical structure to weigh the aspects and criteria. Qualitative information is transformed into crisp and comparable values to examine the causal relationships between attributes and confirm the consistency between the theoretical structure and industry phenomena. The results indicate that policy and regulations, stakeholder participation, and social impacts play essential roles in these causal interrelationships. Political leadership in SSWM is required to drive stakeholder participation and achieve social impacts. Population growth and migration, institutional settings, waste recycling and energy recovery, households, and private contractors are the main aspects involved in improving SSWM in Vietnam

Retailer’s joint pricing model through an effective preservation strategy under a trade-credit policy

Sustainable inventory management is a common issue for any industry. This proposed study explains a representation of mathematical modelling for maintaining sustainability through the preservation technology for deteriorating products and trade-credit strategy for sustainable marketing. Based on the actual life circumstances, it is found that the demand for deteriorated products is influenced by the increasing frequency of advertising and preservation technology. The foremost aim of this study is to maintain sustainability with optimal pricing and optimal strategies to invest in preservation technology and optimal cycle length to take full advantage of the total profit. For solving the model, a classical optimization technique is utilized, and some theoretical results are shown with a graph of the profit function. Couples of experiments compare the proposed results and the existing literature and give some outcomes for different deterioration types. To illustrate and justify the model, a sensitivity analysis conceded for demonstrating the proposed model’s flexibility by changing one parameter while keeping others fixed. The result shows that the trade-credit strategy under the preservation technology makes the management’s most substantial marketing benefit

Preservation technology investment, trade credit and partial backordering model for a non-instantaneous deteriorating inventory

In a perfectly transparent and competitive market, suppliers must provide a competitive pricing and service for their customers. The aim of this study is to provide an insight into how preservation technology and credit financing could be used both to reduce the deterioration rate as well as to provide flexible financing for retailers. The methodology is to optimize the cycle length, selling price, the amount of preservation technology and credit financing using inventory theory. The result derived is an optimal total profit per unit time for the system. Finally, using MATLAB 2017a, it is shown graphically that the profit function is concave. The sensitivity analysis is illustrated using Lingo 17. The study not only provides insights to business managers in making wise managerial decisions, it also enables them to weigh the pro and con of implementing preservation technology and credit financing

Joint pricing deteriorating inventory model considering product life cycle and advance payment with a discount facility

The product life cycle of a deteriorating product is an important consideration in inventory management. This paper simultaneously investigates the optimum pricing and inventory decisions considering product life cycles under price-dependent demand and advance payment systems with a discount facility. A time-dependent holding cost is also introduced. The objective is to carefully balance the critical decision variables in order to maximize the total profit. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis validates the concavity of the profit function. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis are provided to show the characteristics of the model. The study shows that an advanced payment period, installment numbers, product’s maximum life cycle, purchasing cost and demand function significantly influence the total profit. This inventory model with a known product lifetime and advance payments can provide management insights to inventory manager in his/her strategic planning

Optimizing a Sustainable Supply Chain Inventory Model for Controllable Deterioration and Emission Rates in a Greenhouse Farm

This study investigated how greenhouse managers should invest in preservation and green technologies and introduce trade credit to increase their profits. We propose a supply chain inventory model with controllable deterioration and emission rates under payment schemes for shortage and surplus, where demand depends on price and trade credit. Carbon emissions and deterioration are factors affecting global warming, and many greenhouse managers have focused on reducing carbon emissions. Carbon caps and tax-based incentives have been used in many greenhouses to achieve such reduction. Because of the importance of reducing carbon emissions for developing a green supply chain, various studies have investigated how firms deal with carbon emission constraints. In this continuation, we have used green technology to curb the excessive emissions from the environment or make it clean from CO2. In a seller–buyer relationship, the seller can offer a trade credit period to the buyer to manage stock and stimulate demand. Deterioration may become a challenge for most firms as they are under time constraints control, and preservation technology could help. This study proposes three novel inventory strategies for a sustainable supply chain (full backorder, partial backorder, and no backorder), linking all these important issues. The solution optimizes total annual profit for inventory shortage or surplus. We conducted a numerical study with three examples to evaluate the model’s authenticity and effectiveness and demonstrate the solution technique. The deterioration and emission rates can be included in a trade credit policy to increase greenhouse profits. The results suggest that greenhouse managers could apply the proposed model to manage real-world situations

A Sustainable Inventory Model with Imperfect Products, Deterioration, and Controllable Emissions

Maintaining product quality and environmental performance are emerging concerns in modern competitive and transparent businesses. Many retailers separate perfect products from imperfect ones to ensure product quality and endeavor to achieve carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction through green technology investments and sustainable inventory planning. Product deterioration often badly hampers the retailing business; hence, suitable preservation technologies are used. In this study, we examined the optimization model of the selling price, investment, and replenishment planning to maximize the total profit. The proposed model considered the effect of a greater deterioration rate and discount price of imperfect products. Due to the high uncertainty in demand, a realistic holding cost was deliberated with a variable and constant part. Every time the retailer transports purchased items, greenhouse gases (GHGs), including CO2, are produced. Government regulations on CO2 minimization and customer awareness for greener products stimulate retailers to invest in energy-efficient green technology. This study simultaneously showed a harmonious relationship among the attributes of preservation technology, green technology investment, and discounts on defective items. Theoretical derivations were performed with numerical analysis

Optimal Replenishment Policy for Deteriorating Products in a Newsboy Problem with Multiple Just-in-Time Deliveries

Product deterioration is a common phenomenon and is overlooked in most contemporary research on the newsboy problem. In this study, we have considered product deterioration in a production–inventory newsboy model based on multiple just-in-time (JIT) deliveries. This model is solved by a classical optimization technique for the manufacturer production size, wholesale price, replenishment plan, and retailer order policy using a distribution-free approach. Moreover, in order to improve business and entice more customers, a return policy and a post-sale warranty policy is adopted in the model. Theoretical development and numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the validity of this approach