160 research outputs found

    Evolution of the Geodetic Reference System in Italy: the RDN2

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    Renzo Maseroli, "Evoluzione del Sistema Geodetico di Riferimento in Italia: la RDN2 = Evolution of the Geodetic Reference System in Italy: the RDN2" in: Bollettino dell'Associazione Italiana di Cartografia, 153 (2015) pp.19-44Nel 2009 l'Italia ha aggiornato il Riferimento Geodetico europeo ETRS89 alla realizzazione ETRF2000 all'epoca 2008.0. Il nuovo trame è stato materializzato organizzando sul territorio un network costituito da 100 stazioni permanenti GNSS: la Rete Dinamica Nazionale (RDN). Al fine di verificare la stabilità dei siti RDN, l'IGM ha dato avvio, fin dal 2008, ad un continuo monitoraggio della rete, ottenuto attraverso ricalcoli periodici delle posizioni. Nel 2013 sono state elaborate le serie temporali dei primi 5 anni di attività, che hanno consentito una prima stima delle velocità sia assolute che interne alla placca. L’analisi dei risultati ha evidenziato siti con velocità intraplacca dell'ordine di 4 mm/anno, e conseguentemente la necessità di dover procedere a un aggiornamento delle posizioni, pena la perdita di efficienza del network. Inoltre, dal gennaio 2008 al 2013, il 20% circa delle stazioni RDN sono state dismesse o sono divenute inaffidabili, lasciando totalmente scoperte alcune zone del territorio nazionale. Al fine ripristinare l'integrità della rete e di mantenere una corretta geometria, l'IGM ha provveduto a reperire nuove stazioni GNSS da utilizzare in sostituzione dei siti dismessi o mal funzionanti, ed ha proceduto ad un ricalcolo complessivo dell'intero network che ha consentito l'aggiornamento delle posizioni delle stazioni al 2014.4, generando di fatto una RDN seconda versione (RDN2). Come previsto dall'art. 5 del Decreto 10 novembre 2011, l'IGM proporrà i suddetti aggiornamenti al Comitato per le regole tecniche sui dati territoriali delle pubbliche amministrazioni.In 2009, Italy has updated the European ETRS89 Geodetic Reference System implementing the realization ETRF2000 at epoch 2008.0. The new frame consists in a network of 100 permanent GNSS stations: the National Dynamic Network (RDN). In order to verify the stability of the RDN sites, the IGM started, since 2008, a continuous monitoring of the network, through periodic recalculations of the positions. In 2013 time series of the first 5 years of operation were processed; this computation allowed a first estimation of the absolute intraplate speed of the sites. The analysis showed sites with intraplate speed up to 4 mm / year, and consequently the need to proceed to an update of the positions in order to maintain the network efficiency. In addition, from January2008 to 2013, about 20% of the RDN stations have been discontinued or have become unreliable, leaving some areas of the country totally uncovered. In order to restore the integrity of the network and to maintain proper geometry, the IGM replaced the defaulting sites with new GNSS stations and recalculated the entire network updating the positions of the stations at epoch 2014.4; this process leads to the realization of RDN second version (RDN2). As per Art. 5 of the Decree of 10 November 2011, the IGM will propose these updates to the technical Committee for geospatial data

    Sexual Health in Menopause

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    Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Risk: A Review

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    Recent reports in the scientific and lay press have suggested that testosterone (T) replacement therapy (TRT) is likely to increase cardiovascular (CV) risk. In a final report released in 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cautioned that prescribing T products is approved only for men who have low T levels due to primary or secondary hypogonadism resulting from problems within the testis, pituitary, or hypothalamus (e.g., genetic problems or damage from surgery, chemotherapy, or infection). In this report, the FDA emphasized that the benefits and safety of T medications have not been established for the treatment of low T levels due to aging, even if a man's symptoms seem to be related to low T. In this paper, we reviewed the available evidence on the association between TRT and CV risk. In particular, data from randomized controlled studies and information derived from observational and pharmacoepidemiological investigations were scrutinized. The data meta-analyzed here do not support any causal role between TRT and adverse CV events. This is especially true when hypogonadism is properly diagnosed and replacement therapy is correctly performed. Elevated hematocrit represents the most common adverse event related to TRT. Hence, it is important to monitor hematocrit at regular intervals in T-treated subjects in order to avoid potentially serious adverse events

    Psychological, Relational, and Biological Correlates of Ego-Dystonic Masturbation in a Clinical Setting

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    AbstractIntroductionAttitudes toward masturbation are extremely varied, and this practice is often perceived with a sense of guilt.AimTo evaluate the prevalence of ego-dystonic masturbation (EM), defined as masturbation activity followed by a sense of guilt, in a clinical setting of sexual medicine and the impact of EM on psychological and relational well-being.MethodsA series of 4,211 men attending an andrology and sexual medicine outpatient clinic was studied retrospectively. The presence and severity of EM were defined according to ANDROTEST items related to masturbation, determined by the mathematical product of the frequency of masturbation and the sense of guilt after masturbation.Main Outcome MeasuresClinical, biochemical, and psychological parameters were studied using the Structured Interview on Erectile Dysfunction, ANDROTEST, and modified Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire.ResultsThree hundred fifty-two subjects (8.4%) reported any sense of guilt after masturbation. Subjects with EM were younger than the remaining sample (mean age ± SD = 51.27 ± 13.43 vs 48.31 ± 12.04 years, P < .0001) and had more psychiatric comorbidities. EM severity was positively associated with higher free-floating (Wald = 35.94, P < .001) and depressive (Wald = 16.85, P < .001) symptoms, and subjects with a higher EM score reported less phobic anxiety (Wald = 4.02, P < .05) and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (Wald = 7.6, P < .01). A higher EM score was associated with a higher alcohol intake. Subjects with EM more often reported the partner's lower frequency of climax and more problems achieving an erection during sexual intercourse. EM severity was positively associated with worse relational and intrapsychic domain scores.ConclusionClinicians should consider that some subjects seeking treatment in a sexual medicine setting might report compulsive sexual behaviors. EM represents a clinically relevant cause of disability, given the high level of psychological distress reported by subjects with this condition, and the severe impact on quality of life in interpersonal relationships

    Short-term vertical velocity field in the Appennines (Italy) revealed by geodetic levelling data

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    We estimate current vertical movements along the Apennines (Italy) through repeatedly measured high precision levelling routes. In order to highlight regional crustal deformation the analysis of a geodetic database, with a minimum benchmark density of 0.7 bm/km (1943–2003 time period), is carried out. We evaluate systematic and random error and their propagation along the levelling routes. Tests on original raw height data have been carried out to define error propagation. The computed relative vertical rates stand significantly above error propagation. A series of traverses along and across the Apennines and a map of relative vertical velocities reveal a geodetic signal characterised by values up to 2.5–3.0 mm/a and by wavelengths up to 100 km. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

    Coseismic and post-seismic slip of the 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) MW 6.3 earthquake and implications for seismic potential along the Campotosto fault from joint inversion of high-precision levelling, InSAR and GPS data

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    After the April 6th 2009 MW 6.3 (ML 5.9) L'Aquila earthquake (central Italy), we re-measured more than 100 km of high-precision levelling lines in the epicentral area. The joint inversion of the levelling measurements with InSAR and GPS measurements, allowed us to derive new coseismic and post-seismic slip distributions and to de- scribe, with high resolution details on surface displacements, the activation and the slip distribution of a second- ary fault during the aftershock sequence that struck the Campotosto area (major event MW 5.2). Coseismic slip on the Paganica fault occurred on one main asperity, while the afterslip distribution shows a more complex pattern, occurring on three main patches, including both slips on the shallow portions and on the deeper parts of the rup- ture plane. The comparison between coseismic and post-seismic slip distributions strongly suggests that afterslip was triggered at the edges of the coseismic asperity. The activation of a segment of the Campotosto fault during the aftershock sequence, with a good correlation between the estimated slipping area, moment release and distribution of aftershocks, raises the opportunity to discuss the local seismic hazard following the occurrence of the 2009 L'Aquila mainshock. The Campotosto fault appears capable of generating earthquakes as large as his- torical events in the region (M N 6.5) or as small as the ones associated with the 2009 sequence. In the case that the Campotosto fault is accumulating a significant portion of the current interseismic deformation, the 2009 MW N 5 events will have released only a small amount of the accumulated elastic strain, and then a significant hazard still remains in the area. Continuing geodetic monitoring and a densification of the GPS networks in the region are therefore needed to estimate the tectonic loading across the different recognized active fault systems in this part of the Apennines.Published168-1852T. Tettonica attivaJCR Journalrestricte
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