Thick-target yields of radioactive targets deduced from inverse kinematics

The thick-target yield (TTY) is a macroscopic quantity reflected by nuclear reactions and matter properties of targets. In order to evaluate TTYs on radioactive targets, we suggest a conversion method from inverse kinematics corresponding to the reaction of radioactive beams on stable targets. The method to deduce the TTY is theoretically derived from inverse kinematics. We apply the method to the natCu(12C,X)24Na reaction to confirm availability. In addition, it is applied to the 137Cs + 12C reaction as an example of a radioactive system and discussed a conversion coefficient of a TTY measurement.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, Accepted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research

Drag coefficient of a liquid domain in a two-dimensional membrane

Using a hydrodynamic theory that incorporates a momentum decay mechanism, we calculate the drag coefficient of a circular liquid domain of finite viscosity moving in a two-dimensional membrane. We derive an analytical expression for the drag coefficient which covers the whole range of domain sizes. Several limiting expressions are discussed. The obtained drag coefficient decreases as the domain viscosity becomes smaller with respect to the outer membrane viscosity. This is because the flow induced in the domain acts to transport the fluid in the surrounding matrix more efficiently.Comment: 8 pages, 5 Figures. Accepted for publication in Eur. Phys. J.

Effect of Cooling Rate on A_3 Transformation Temperatures of Iron and Iron-Nickel Binary Alloys

Effects of cooling rate on A_3 points of a few pure irons, iron-low carbon alloys and iron-nickel alloys have been examined at cooling rates between 100℃/sec and 60, 000℃/sec by using a gas quench apparatus. A_3 point of iron containing less than 0.003 wt% C falls gradually with the increase in cooling rate and continuously approaches a fixed temperature (maximum supercooled A_3), but in the iron containing more than 0.006 wt% C it falls discontinuously to the Ms temperature at the cooling rate of about 20, 000℃/sec. Maximum supercooled A_3 points of these irons are affected seriously by a very small content of carbon below 0.005 wt% C, falling remarkably from about 720℃ at 0.001 wt% C to about 650℃ at 0.003 wt% C with increasing carbon content. In the case of iron-nickel alloys it falls with increasing cooling rate and discontinuously by about 100℃ at a certain cooling rate which depends on the nickel content. The drop of the transformation temperature is independent of a further cooling rate. The critical cooling rate decreases from about 25, 000℃/sec at 1% Ni to about 2, 000℃/sec at 20% Ni. The Ms points of these alloys are in agreement, at higher nickel concentrations, with those reported previously, but are displaced to a lower temperature side at lower nickel concentration

ピエール アントワーヌ ドネ ＆ アンヌ ガリギュー キョウチョ ジャポン アル ケイザイ ノ シュウエン

In these decades, there been a considerable number of critiques viewing Japan, which have been performed and published by western experts. Amongst them there is a difference between those of Anglo-American versus European authorship: It has been observed that the former give us the impression of not only criticizing Japan severely, but also of urging their own standards of value upon the subject country; while the latter do not show such a tendency to force their own behavior upon Japan.This book, published quite recently by two French journalists, tries to describe to the greatest extent possible, the Japanese economic political and social affairs. The authors do turn severe eyes on certain things, yet they do not force the reader to follow European models. In the 7 chapters into which the book is divided, the authors have tried to capture in their observations the overlying rhythm of the process of Japan\u27s economic development, while also extracting the contradictions existing at the bottom of its industrial and social structure, such as the double structure differentiating huge companies from small and medium scale companies.Further, following the passing stages of the process, they note the illusion of the golden age, and analyze in a well integrated manner the several elements which have caused the profound troubles during the decade of the 1990s. As an inevitable orientation for the coming new 21st century, Japan needs to and should change its entire structure, taking paths other than the traditional Japanese model, not only for the sake of renewing its own development, but also for the surrounding partner countries in Asia.The authors with their keen eyes and balanced observers\u27 minds, describe the evolution of reforms taken by the Japanese government as well as their results, such as a huge amount of public debts, and a structural change in employment which has brought a significant turn in workers\u27 minds.The long continued economic recession, with daily reports of restructuring of enterprises accompanied by the firing of a lot of salaried employees, have visibly and deeply changed the Japanese people\u27s belief in their society. Inevitably, they have become apathetic in the political world, lost confidence in their leading power elites, and now there appears an individualism which is new to the Japanese way. In addition to those phenomena, the authors point out several elements and power groups who dare to hinder the evolution of improvement and renovation aimed at the solution of the innumerable troubles.In the last chapter, titled "The giant is not dead", the authors analyze both the historical and present relationships of Japan with the surrounding countries in Asia, especially China, and make one sort of recommendation in the field of international politics, concerning Japan\u27s responsibility for events during the war period, including indemnity.As for Japan\u27s relations with the United States, there are not many assertions other than to remark upon the former\u27s non-achievement of complete independence from the latter\u27s dominance. Japan has turned its head toward Europe, and particularly France, due to the successful evolution of the European Union, as well as to the consensus found between the two parties on defending themselves against American globalization.In conclusion, briefly but firmly, the authors confirm their belief in the future possible renovation and improvement of Japanese society and its external relations owing to the people\u27s racial characteristic of patience by which they could overwhelm any kinds of difficulties to be encountered on the way of Japan\u27s development in the near future

Effects of Alloying Element on Supercooled A_3 Transformation of Iron

The cooling rate dependence of A_3 transformation and the maximum supercooled A_3 point have been examined on eleven kinds of iron binary alloy by using a rapid cooling apparatus. Maximum supercooled A_3 points of Fe-Mn alloys show good agreement at higher manganese concentrations with those reported previously but are displaced to lower temperatures at lower manganese concentrations. Extrapolation of the data zero content of the alloying element leads to the maximum supercooled A_3 point of about 720℃ for pure iron. The maximum supercooled A_3 points of Fe-Cr, Fe-Cu and Fe-Mo alloys descend with increasing content of alloying element and those of Fe-Al, Fe-Ti and Fe-V alloys ascend. In Fe-Co alloys, the maximum supercooled A_3 point rises up to about 40% Co and thon lowers. Si, W and Nb have little effect on the maximum supercooled A_3 temperature of iron. Some of the alloying elements have a different effect on the change of A_3 point of iron with concentration both in the non-equilibrium and in the equilibrium condition

Asian Regional Economic Integration―Can any Lessons be Drawn from the EU\u27s Experience?―

1. Conclusion There exist differences so many in kind and so profound, between these two regions and their member countries, as to cause doubt as to the relevance of the EU\u27s experience to Asia, but the author believes it is quite indispensable to look to Europe for lessons to provide perspective for Asian economic cooperation. 2. Evolution of EU enlargement　According to the Nikkei Shin-bun on 13 December 2002, the EU decided that she would have 25 members by May 2004. In the process of the EU enlarging its territory and taking in members with different conditions, several lessons might be found for Asian countries. Though the latter also differ among themselves in their economic conditions, the severe experience of the Asian Crisis in 1997 has made the Asian countries aware of the necessity of regional cooperation.　3. Basic concept　A grouping known as "ASEAN plus three （China, Japan and Korea）" has become a visible unit after the 1997 crisis. A reasonable target for integration would be limited to that group plus the NIEs, but only those candidates who are really positive to the idea should try to found a new cooperative framework.The liberalization of trade regimes should be promoted together with the creation of stability in international money exchanges. Political and military security systems should be established by mutual efforts.　4. Policies and measures to be adopted　①　Promotion of a Free Trade Agreement （FTA）.In January 2001, Japan and Singapore concluded an FTA, and the share in Asian intra-regional trade has grown to more than 50％ in 2001. An FTA is indispensable.②　Stabilization of monetary exchange systems.As a first step, an economist、 Yamashita　has proposed that the Asian developing countries should adopt fixed exchange rates among themselves, in the form of a currency "basket" composed of the US dollar, the yen and the euro. In the author\u27s judgment, this approach has sufficient merit that it ought to be re-examined and proposed anew to the partner countries which have so far not shown interest in it.③　Complete independence from the USA and the dollar\u27s pressure.Although this must be indispensable, it is a difficult way to go. Several different opinion leaders have mentioned it with varying interpretations. It should be borne in mind that the interest of the USA is fundamentally opposite to those of the Asian countries, as in the case of Washington\u27s rejection of the AMF idea. But until now, nobody in Japan has dared to emphasize the necessity or efficacy of obtaining a consensus with the EU, the third party envisaged in the Asian proposal.④　Unit of Asian economic integration.A general view of European economists is that ASEAN has done nothing to promote economic cooperation. In fact several ideas have been advanced for an Asian cooperative unit or economic zone, such as North-East Asia, the countries surrounding the Sea of Japan, and ASEM. Ever since 1992, the role of APEC has been over-estimated or misunderstood as being a system by which the member countries could promote their trade and investment in line with the WTO. In reality it has been only a sort of "international festival" which could not actually do anything for the member countries, firstly because of the domination of the USA and secondly due to the number of members and the imbalances among them.5. Program and method of implementation　The author concludes that the shortest route toward regional integration in Asia is via foreign direct investment （FDI） from Japan to other countries of the region, in many fields. Support for this view is found by examining some remarkable changes that have occurred in the participating firms\u27 patterns of reinvestment of their profits

Translocation of a daughter vesicle in a model system of self-reproducing vesicles

Translocation of a daughter vesicle from a mother vesicle through a pore is experimentally studied by many groups using a model system of self-reproducing vesicles. However, the theoretical formulation of the problem is not fully understood. In the present study, we present a theoretical formulation of the process based on our previous work [P. Khunpetch et al., Phys. Fluids 33, 077103 (2021)]. In our previous work, we considered the daughter vesicle as a rigid body. In the present work, however, we allow the daughter vesicle to deform during the expulsion process. We thus derive the free energy constituting of the elastic moduli of both the mother and daughter vesicles, and of pressure-driven contribution. The minimum energy path of the translocation is searched by using the string method. Our improved model successfully suggests the disappearance of the energy barrier where all the elastic moduli are in agreement with the experimental reports, while the previous work is unsuccessful to do so. The equations of motion of the daughter vesicle have been derived within the framework of the Onsager principle. We found that the translocation time of the daughter vesicle can be reduced when the pressure inside the mother vesicle increases, or the initial size of the daughter vesicle decreases