Conservativeness of non-symmetric diffusion processes generated by perturbed divergence forms

Let E be an unbounded open (or closed) domain in Euclidean space of dimension greater or equal to two. We present conservativeness criteria for (possibly reflected) diffusions with state space E that are associated to fairly general perturbed divergence form operators. Our main tool is a recently extended forward and backward martingale decomposition, which reduces to the well-known Lyons-Zheng decomposition in the symmetric case.Comment: Corrected typos, minor modification

Vacuolar transporters and their essential role in plant metabolism

Following the unequivocal demonstration that plants contain at least two types of vacuoles, scientists studying this organelle have realized that the plant ‘vacuome' is far more complex than they expected. Some fully developed cells contain at least two large vacuoles, with different functions. Remarkably, even a single vacuole may be subdivided and fulfil several functions, which are supported in part by the vacuolar membrane transport systems. Recent studies, including proteomic analyses for several plant species, have revealed the tonoplast transporters and their involvement in the nitrogen storage, salinity tolerance, heavy metal homeostasis, calcium signalling, guard cell movements, and the cellular pH homeostasis. It is clear that vacuolar transporters are an integrated part of a complex cellular network that enables a plant to react properly to changing environmental conditions, to save nutrients and energy in times of plenty, and to maintain optimal metabolic conditions in the cytosol. An overview is given of the main features of the transporters present in the tonoplast of plant cells in terms of their function, regulation, and relationships with the microheterogeneity of the vacuom

2.45 GHZ Saw-based passive binary transponder for wireless interfaces of integrated sensors

MEMS 2008, Tucson, AZ, USA, January 13-17, 200

Phase Velocity Control of Surface Acoustic Waves Based on Surface Shortning and Electrical Field Application Using MEMS Switches

IEEE Internatinal Ultrasonics Symposium, 200

Introduction of a Base-Model for Eddy Current Testing of Printed Circuits Boards

In this paper we propose a model to reproduce printed circuit board (PCB) pattern eddy current testing signals based on 3D finiteelement method (FEM) package and scanning simulation. In this method we consider some common PCB elements as test pieces while a simple Meander-type coil is utilized as excitation coil above the elements. Numerical solution to the above problem with the help of a 3D FEM provides the magnetic flux density in the region above the PCB test elements. Shifting the test element\u27s position step by step and repeating the numerical calculation for each of the test elements new positions, the scanning process of a PCB test piece is simulated. Analysing and smoothing the magnetic field data from all of the aforementioned steps provide the final PCB pattern signal. Image processing technique was applied to obtain the PCB part image

Comparative Study of Regulatory T Cell Function of Human CD25+CD4+ T Cells from Thymocytes, Cord Blood, and Adult Peripheral Blood

CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells suppress T cell activation and regulate multiple immune reactions in in vitro and in vivo studies. To define the regulatory function of human CD25+CD4+ T cells at various stages of maturity, we investigated in detail the functional differences of CD25+CD4+ T cells from thymocytes, cord blood (CB), and adult peripheral blood (APB). CB CD25+CD4+ T cells displayed low-FOXP3 protein expression level and had no suppressive activity. In contrast, CD25+CD4+ T cells from thymocytes or APB expressed high expression level of FOXP3 protein associated with significant suppressive activity. Although CB CD25+CD4+ T cells exhibited no suppressive activity, striking suppressive activity was observed following expansion in culture associated with increased FOXP3 expression and a shift from the CD45RA+ to the CD45RA− phenotype. These functional differences in CD25+CD4+ T cells from Thy, CB, and APB hence suggest a pathway of maturation for Treg in the peripheral immune system

Boundary Action of N=2 Super-Liouville Theory

We derive a boundary action of N=2 super-Liouville theory which preserves both N=2 supersymmetry and conformal symmetry by imposing explicitly $T={\bar T}$ and $G={\bar G}$. The resulting boundary action shows a new duality symmetry.Comment: 15 pages; One reference is adde

Application of ECT Technique for Inspection of Bare PCB

The detection of imperfections (such as disconnections, chipping cracks, nonuniformity in thickness and short-circuit, etc.) on the traces of bare printed circuit board (PCB) using a new high-sensitive eddy-current testing (ECT) probe has been reported in this paper. The ECT technique is composed of planar meander type exciting coil and a new multiple solenoid sensing coil. The image processing method is used to analyze the results. This paper has discussed the structure of the new probe, the characteristics of the measurement technique to inspect high-density PCB with narrow conductor-width. And the possibility of detecting micro-metal ball has been explored.A new application of eddy current testing techniques for investigating trace defects on printed circuit boards is proposed, A test probe consisting of a meander type exciting coil is used to induce eddy currents. The following three experiments are conducted: measuring the induced signal when a circuit trace is cut; measuring the induced signal for a number of traces placed in parallel and with a cut in the centre trace; measuring the induced signal for two back to back right angle traces. The experimental results reveal that it is possible to clearly detect defects and that the signal response obtained is strongly associated with a particular defect pattern. The signals obtained from a high density patterned board have a complicated signal signature and are therefore difficult to interpret. This complexity can be avoided by comparing the signal signature of a known good board with a defective board. The difference signal gives a clear indication of a trace defect

Application of Eddy-Current Testing Technique for High-Density Double-Layer Printed circuit Board Inspection

High-density double-layer printed circuit board (PCB) inspection based on the eddy-current testing (ECT) technique is proposed in this paper. The ECT probe, which consisted of a planar meander exciting coil and spin-valve giant magnetoresistance (SV-GMR) sensor array, is used for this propose. Defects on both the top- and bottom-layer of the high-density double-layer PCB are examined by the ECT technique with scanning over either the top or bottom layer. The characteristics of the proposed ECT probe for high-density double-layer PCB inspection are studied. The inspection results of the high-density double-layer PCB model verify that applying the ECT technique enables identification of the defects of both the top and bottom layer with one-side scanning