Alfred Marshall: labour and organisation: Two factors of production

The classical theory of production concentrated on a combination of three factors — land, capital and labour. Then Alfred Marshall introduced a fourth factors, organisation and entrepreneurship. The vital concept of Marshall’s economics is organic growth. He developed the theory of organic growth of society in his economics. In the theory of organic growth. Labour and Organisation; the labouring class and the entrepreneur play an important role. Then Marshall wanted to increase ' the standard of life' in the labouring class and raise the ability of the entrepreneur. Marshall was very interested in the labouring class and it is starting point of his economics. It can be said that Marshall's economics is labour economics. He wanted the labouring class to escape the poverty trap and advance into the gentleman class. This thesis was clarified that Marshall pointed out some methods of increase "the standard of life”. In this thesis, the definition of an entrepreneur which had been neglected in economic theory was clarified. The great economist in the past did not always have an economic theory, which included the concept of the entrepreneur. Again in modern economic theory, the concept of the entrepreneur was neglected, since the theories which centered around equilibrium did not pay attention to the entrepreneur. However, Marshall's economic theory has a theory of the entrepreneur and he discussed some functions of the entrepreneur. Marshall wanted the entrepreneur to raise the entrepreneurial ability. Marshall wanted to make up the circle leading to an increased standard of life in the labouring class and the entrepreneurship, leading to high productivity and thus perpetuating organic growth. In this thesis it was clarified that Marshall regarded the entrepreneur and the labouring class as a vital factor of production which causes organic growth

Nanoscale Infrared Imaging Analysis of Carbonaceous Chondrites to Understand Organic-Mineral Interactions During Aqueous Alteration

Organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites is distributed in fine-grained matrix. To understand pre- and postaccretion history of organic matter and its association with surrounding minerals, microscopic techniques are mandatory. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a useful technique, but the spatial resolution of IR is limited to a few micrometers, due to the diffraction limit. In this study, we applied the high spatial resolution IR imaging method to CM2 carbonaceous chondrites Murchison and Bells, which is based on an atomic force microscopy (AFM) with its tip detecting thermal expansion of a sample resulting from absorption of infrared radiation. We confirmed that this technique permits 30 nm spatial resolution organic analysis for the meteorite samples. The IR imaging results are consistent with the previously reported association of organic matter and phyllosilicates, but our results are at much higher spatial resolution. This observation of heterogeneous distributions of the functional groups of organic matter revealed its association with minerals at 30 nm spatial resolution in meteorite samples by IR spectroscopy

“Avian-type” renal medullary tubule organization causes immaturity of urine-concentrating ability in neonates

“Avian-type” renal medullary tubule organization causes immaturity of urine-concentrating ability in neonates.BackgroundWhile neonatal kidneys are not powerful in concentrating urine, they already dilute urine as efficiently as adult kidneys. To elucidate the basis for this paradoxical immaturity in urine-concentrating ability, we investigated the function of Henle's loop and collecting ducts (IMCDs) in the inner medulla of neonatal rat kidneys.MethodsAnalyses of individual renal tubules in the inner medulla of neonatal and adult rat kidneys were performed by measuring mRNA expression of membrane transporters, transepithelial voltages, and isotopic water and ion fluxes. Immunofluorescent identification of the rCCC2 and rCLC-K1 using polyclonal antibodies was also performed in neonatal and adult kidney slices.ResultsOn day 1, the transepithelial voltages (VTs) in the thin ascending limbs (tALs) and IMCDs were 14.6 ± 1.1mV (N = 27) and -42.7 ± 6.1mV (N = 14), respectively. The VTs in the thin descending limbs (tDLs) were zero on day 1. The VTs in the tALs were strongly inhibited by luminal bumetanide or basolateral ouabain, suggesting the presence of a NaCl reabsorption mechanism similar to that in the thick ascending limb (TAL). The diffusional voltage (VD) of the tAL due to transepithelial NaCl gradient was almost insensitive to a chloride channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate (NPPB). The VTs in the IMCDs were strongly inhibited by luminal amiloride.On day 1, both the tDL and tAL were impermeable to water, indicating the water impermeability of the entire loop. Diffusional water permeability (Pdw) and urea permeabilities (Purea) in the IMCDs indicated virtual impermeability to water and urea on day 1. Stimulation by vasopressin (1nmol/L) revealed that only Pdw was sensitive to vasopressin by day 14. A partial isoosmolar replacement of luminal urea by NaCl evoked negligible water flux across the neonatal IMCDs, indicating the absence of urea-dependent volume flux in the neonatal IMCD. These transport characteristics in each neonatal tubule are similar to those in quail kidneys. Identification of mRNAs and immunofluorescent studies for specific transporters, including rAQP-1, rCCC2, rCLC-K1, rENaC β subunit, rAQP-2, and rUT-A1, supported these findings.ConclusionWe hypothesize that the renal medullary tubule organization of neonatal rats shares a tremendous similarity with avian renal medulla. The qualitative changes in the organization of medullary tubules may be primarily responsible for the immature urine-concentrating ability in mammalian neonates

ANALYSIS OF INTENTION FOR MODAL SHIFT ON COMMUTING TRIP WITH COMBINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION AND ADVICE FOR HEALTH

地方都市での自動車通勤からの転換意向形成の促進を目指し，健康意識および環境意識に対応した適切な情報提示の組み合わせに着目する．このため，徳島市の通勤者を対象とした意向調査に基づいて，健康および環境に関わる情報提示による自動車通勤からの転換意向形成の効果を把握するとともに，転換意向形成に関わる要因を特定することを目的とする．この結果，転換意向のない自動車通勤者に対しても，適切な情報提示により転換意向が形成される可能性が示された．情報提示を含まない単純要請による転換意向形成には，積極的運動意識だけでなく，環境問題への関心が影響することがわかった．情報提示による転換意向形成効果に関しては，疾患リスク，身体活動量および地球環境問題についての情報を組み合わせた提示の効果が高いことがわかった．The present study aims at promoting the intention of modal shift on commuting with mobility management in local city. The effects of information for health support and environmental concern are estimated to influence intentionally of modal shift on commuting by car with the support of information for health support and global warming based on the questionnaire survey in Tokushima city. Therefore, The factors for promoting the intention of modal shift are identified. As a result, appropriate information promoting intention of modal shift for car commuter. It can be found out that not only active awareness but also interest in environment influences the intention of modal shift with simple request. On the other hand, the advise can be effective, which includes the issue of disease risk, physical active mass and the global environment problem, for the trip makers without reaction for the simple request

Lymphocyte Responses to Chymotrypsin- or Trypsin V-Digested β-Lactoglobulin in Patients with Cow's Milk Allergy

<p/> <p>Chymotrypsin- or trypsin V- (a mixture of trypsin and chymotrypsin) digested β-lactoglobulin (BLG) peptides were prepared and were confirmed to have much less immunoglobulin (lg)G and lgE reactivity compared with intact BLG by IgG inhibition enzymelinked immunosorbent assay and IgE dot blotting. The lymphocyte responses to intact BLG and these peptides were examined using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 10 patients with cow's milk allergy. The PBMCs from most patients had lower lymphocyte responses to chymotrypsin- and trypsin V-digested BLG peptides than those to intact BLG. However, PBMCs from one and two patients retained significant proliferative responses to both peptides and to only the former peptide, respectively. Interferon-c production stimulated by chymotrypsin-digested peptides was still detectable in all five patients tested. Chymotrypsindigested BLG reduced lgE reactivity but still induced some lymphocyte responses.</p