Anomalies in the ERG Approach

The antifield formalism adapted in the exact renormalization group is found to be useful for describing a system with some symmetry, especially the gauge symmetry. In the formalism, the vanishing of the quantum master operator implies the presence of a symmetry. The QM operator satisfies a simple algebraic relation that will be shown to be related to the Wess-Zumino condition for anomalies. We also explain how an anomaly contributes to the QM operator.Comment: 13 page

Effects of Mutual Transits by Extrasolar Planet-Companion Systems on Light Curves

We consider the effects of mutual transits by extrasolar planet-companion systems (in a true binary or a planet-satellite system) on light curves. We show that induced changes in light curves depend strongly on a ratio between a planet-companion's orbital velocity around their host star and a planet-companion's spin speed around their common center of mass. In both the slow and fast spin cases (corresponding to long and short distances between them, respectively), a certain asymmetry appears in light curves. We show that, especially in the case of short distances, occultation of one faint object by the other, while the transit of the planet-companion system occurs in front of its parent star, causes an apparent increase in light curves and characteristic fluctuations appear as important evidence of mutual transits. We show also that extrasolar mutual transits provide a complementary method of measuring the radii of two transiting objects, their separation and mass, and consequently identifying them as a true binary, planet-satellite system or others. Monitoring $10^5$ stars for three years with Kepler may lead to a discovery of a second Earth-Moon-like system if the fraction of such systems for an averaged star is larger than 0.05, or it may put upper limits on the fraction as f < 0.05.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, 1 table; text improved, typos corrected; PASJ in pres

Enrichment of Spermatogonial Stem Cells using Side Population in Teleost

Spermatogenesis originates from a small population of spermatogonial stem cells; this population can maintain continuous sperm production throughout the life of fish via self-renewal and differentiation. Despite their biological importance, spermatogonial stem cells are not thoroughly characterized because they are difficult to distinguish from their progeny 5 cells that become committed to differentiation. We previously established a novel technique for germ cell transplantation to identify spermatogonial stem cells based on their colonizing activity and their ability to initiate donor-derived gametogenesis in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Although spermatogonial stem cells can be retrospectively identified after transplantation, there is currently no technique to prospectively enrich for or purify spermatogonial stem cells. Here, we describe a method for spermatogonial stem-cell enrichment using side-population. With optimized Hoechst 33342 staining conditions, we successfully identified side-population cells among type A spermatogonia. Side-population cells were transcriptomically and morphologically distinct from non-side-population cells. To functionally determine whether the transplantable spermatogonial stem cells were enriched in the side-population fraction, we compared the colonization activity of side-population cells with that of non-side-population cells. Colonization efficiency was significantly higher with side-population cells than with non-side-population cells or with total type A spermatogonia. In addition, side-population cells could produce billions of sperm in recipient. These results indicated that transplantable spermatogonial stem cells were enriched in the side-population fraction. This method will provide biological information that may advance our understanding of spermatogonial stem 20 cells in teleosts. Additionally, this technique will increase the efficiency of germ-cell transplantation used in surrogate broodstock technology

The Far-Infrared Surveyor (FIS) for AKARI

The Far-Infrared Surveyor (FIS) is one of two focal plane instruments on the AKARI satellite. FIS has four photometric bands at 65, 90, 140, and 160 um, and uses two kinds of array detectors. The FIS arrays and optics are designed to sweep the sky with high spatial resolution and redundancy. The actual scan width is more than eight arcmin, and the pixel pitch is matches the diffraction limit of the telescope. Derived point spread functions (PSFs) from observations of asteroids are similar to the optical model. Significant excesses, however, are clearly seen around tails of the PSFs, whose contributions are about 30% of the total power. All FIS functions are operating well in orbit, and its performance meets the laboratory characterizations, except for the two longer wavelength bands, which are not performing as well as characterized. Furthermore, the FIS has a spectroscopic capability using a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS). Because the FTS takes advantage of the optics and detectors of the photometer, it can simultaneously make a spectral map. This paper summarizes the in-flight technical and operational performance of the FIS.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures, and 2 tables. Accepted for publication in the AKARI special issue of the Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japa

Nonmagnetic framboid and associated iron nanoparticles with a space-weathered feature from asteroid Ryugu

リュウグウ試料に初期太陽系の新しい磁気記録媒体を発見～太陽系磁場の新たな研究手法の確立に期待～.京都大学プレスリリース. 2024-04-30.Extraterrestrial minerals on the surface of airless Solar System bodies undergo gradual alteration processes known as space weathering over long periods of time. The signatures of space weathering help us understand the phenomena occurring in the Solar System. However, meteorites rarely retain the signatures, making it impossible to study the space weathering processes precisely. Here, we examine samples retrieved from the asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft and discover the presence of nonmagnetic framboids through electron holography measurements that can visualize magnetic flux. Magnetite particles, which normally provide a record of the nebular magnetic field, have lost their magnetic properties by reduction via a high-velocity (>5 km s⁻¹) impact of a micrometeoroid with a diameter ranging from 2 to 20 μm after destruction of the parent body of Ryugu. Around these particles, thousands of metallic-iron nanoparticles with a vortex magnetic domain structure, which could have recorded a magnetic field in the impact event, are found. Through measuring the remanent magnetization of the iron nanoparticles, future studies are expected to elucidate the nature of the nebular/interplanetary magnetic fields after the termination of aqueous alteration in an asteroid

昭和南海地震震源域-四国沖～紀伊半島沖-の構造変化

BE12-54講演要旨 / ブルーアース2012（2012年3月22日～23日, 東京海洋大学品川キャンパス

Structural variation from off Shikoku to the Kii Peninsula related to various earhthquake phenomena

南海トラフで繰り返し発生する巨大地震の中には、東海・東南海・南海地震が連動して発生する超巨大地震のケースがあることが指摘されている。このような超巨大地震について、どのような場合に連動し、あるいは非連動性巨大地震となるのかを明らかにすることが必要である。連動型地震の滑り域の範囲がどこまで広がるかを見積もることが重要な課題であり、そのためには南海トラフから沈み込むフィリピン海プレートの形状およびプレート境界周辺の構造、地震活動に関する詳細かつ高精度な情報が必要である。また、南海地震単独で発生した場合についても、深部および浅部低周波地震発生域まで含めた正確な破壊の広がりの把握、複雑な破壊分布の原因を明らかにするために南海地震破壊域とその縁辺での地殻構造や地震活動は重要な情報となる。平成20年度は日向灘、平成21年度は四国沖で調査を実施し、平成22年度は調査海域を東方の紀伊半島沖まで拡大し、沈み込み帯の地殻構造、巨大地震の発生、地震活動の相互関係の解明を目的として、南海・地震破壊域における沈み込みに関する詳細な構造のイメージングおよび地震のアスペリティに関する構造を明らかにするためのデータの取得、および西南日本の付加体先端部付近で発生している低周波地震や微動を含む自然地震観測を実施した。 　本講演では、四国沖?紀伊半島沖の平成21~22年度の調査結果について述べる。平成21年10月、および平成22年10~11月、（独）海洋研究開発機構の海洋調査船「かいれい」によって短周期海底地震計各々180台と大容量チューンドエアガン（7800cu. in.)を用いた屈折法・広角反射法探査を実施した（図１）。海底地震計設置期間中に自然地震観測も実施した。四国沖では21観測点、紀伊半島沖では20観測点による約9ヶ月間の長期地震観測も実施した（一部実施中）。なお、本調査は文部科学省からの受託研究「東海・東南海・南海地震の連動性評価のための 調査観測・研究」の個別研究テーマ「南海トラフ域海域地震探査・地震観測」（平成20年度から受託）の一環として実施した。 　一部の調査測線の解析の結果、足摺岬沖から日向灘に向かって約6km/sの古い付加体を示す岩体の分布が海側に張り出していること、また、SK05の構造モデルによると、SK03とSK02の中間付近からSK01付近までの付加堆積物が極端に薄いことなど、トラフ平行方向に構造変化があることがわかり、破壊様式の違いに関係する構造ではないかと考えられる。また、測線延長上のHi-net陸上観測点のデータを加えた海陸統合解析を実施しており、これにより深部低周波地震現象と構造との関連性が明らかになると期待されるC11-10発表要旨, 日本地震学会2011年度秋季大会（2011年10月12日～15日, 静岡県静岡市

Network Properties of Robust Immunity in Plants

Two modes of plant immunity against biotrophic pathogens, Effector Triggered Immunity (ETI) and Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), are triggered by recognition of pathogen effectors and Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs), respectively. Although the jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling sectors are generally antagonistic and important for immunity against necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens, respectively, their precise roles and interactions in ETI and PTI have not been clear. We constructed an Arabidopsis dde2/ein2/pad4/sid2-quadruple mutant. DDE2, EIN2, and SID2 are essential components of the JA, ET, and SA sectors, respectively. The pad4 mutation affects the SA sector and a poorly characterized sector. Although the ETI triggered by the bacterial effector AvrRpt2 (AvrRpt2-ETI) and the PTI triggered by the bacterial MAMP flg22 (flg22-PTI) were largely intact in plants with mutations in any one of these genes, they were mostly abolished in the quadruple mutant. For the purposes of this study, AvrRpt2-ETI and flg22-PTI were measured as relative growth of Pseudomonas syringae bacteria within leaves. Immunity to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola was also severely compromised in the quadruple mutant. Quantitative measurements of the immunity levels in all combinatorial mutants and wild type allowed us to estimate the effects of the wild-type genes and their interactions on the immunity by fitting a mixed general linear model. This signaling allocation analysis showed that, contrary to current ideas, each of the JA, ET, and SA signaling sectors can positively contribute to immunity against both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. The analysis also revealed that while flg22-PTI and AvrRpt2-ETI use a highly overlapping signaling network, the way they use the common network is very different: synergistic relationships among the signaling sectors are evident in PTI, which may amplify the signal; compensatory relationships among the sectors dominate in ETI, explaining the robustness of ETI against genetic and pathogenic perturbations

Arabidopsis CaM Binding Protein CBP60g Contributes to MAMP-Induced SA Accumulation and Is Involved in Disease Resistance against Pseudomonas syringae

Salicylic acid (SA)-induced defense responses are important factors during effector triggered immunity and microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-induced immunity in plants. This article presents evidence that a member of the Arabidopsis CBP60 gene family, CBP60g, contributes to MAMP-triggered SA accumulation. CBP60g is inducible by both pathogen and MAMP treatments. Pseudomonas syringae growth is enhanced in cbp60g mutants. Expression profiles of a cbp60g mutant after MAMP treatment are similar to those of sid2 and pad4, suggesting a defect in SA signaling. Accordingly, cbp60g mutants accumulate less SA when treated with the MAMP flg22 or a P. syringae hrcC strain that activates MAMP signaling. MAMP-induced production of reactive oxygen species and callose deposition are unaffected in cbp60g mutants. CBP60g is a calmodulin-binding protein with a calmodulin-binding domain located near the N-terminus. Calmodulin binding is dependent on Ca2+. Mutations in CBP60g that abolish calmodulin binding prevent complementation of the SA production and bacterial growth defects of cbp60g mutants, indicating that calmodulin binding is essential for the function of CBP60g in defense signaling. These studies show that CBP60g constitutes a Ca2+ link between MAMP recognition and SA accumulation that is important for resistance to P. syringae