The effect of repeated stress on KCC2 and NKCC1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of female mice

AbstractK+–Cl− co-transporter (KCC2) and Na+–K+–2Cl− co-transporter (NKCC1) are the main regulators of neuronal intracellular chloride concentration; altered expression patterns of KCC2 and NKCC1 have been reported in several neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we show the effect of repeated stress on KCC2, NKCC1, and serine 940 phosphorylated KCC2 (pKCC2ser940) immunoreactivity.The data were obtained from the hippocampus of female mice using single-plane confocal microscopy images. The mean fluorescence intensity of the perisomatic area of neurons, defined as raw fluorescence intensity (RFI) was calculated. Repeated stress (RS) resulted in a decrease in perisomatic area of immunoreactive (IR)-KCC2 and an increase of the IR-NKCC1. In addition, RS decreased perisomatic IR-pKCC2ser940, corresponding to that of KCC2. The data in this article support the results of a previous study [1] and provide the details of immunohistological methods. Interpretation of the data in this article can be found in “Repeated stress-induced expression pattern alterations of the hippocampal chloride transporters KCC2 and NKCC1 associated with behavioral abnormalities in female mice” by Tsukahara et al. [1]

Angiotensin II and III suppress food intake via angiotensin AT2 receptor and prostaglandin EP4 receptor in mice

AbstractIntracerebroventricularly administered angiotensin (Ang) II and III dose-dependently suppressed food intake in mice and their anorexigenic activities were inhibited by AT2 receptor-selective antagonist. Ang II did not suppress food intake in AT2 receptor-knockout mice, while it did significantly in wild-type and AT1 receptor-knockout mice. The suppression of food intake in AT1 receptor-knockout mice was smaller than that in wild-type. The anorexigenic activities of Ang II and III were also blocked by a selective antagonist for prostaglandin EP4 receptor. Taken together, centrally administered Ang II and III may decrease food intake through AT2 receptor with partial involvement of AT1 receptor, followed by EP4 receptor activation, which is a novel pathway regulating food intake

Improvement of 1/f noise by using VHP (vertical high pressure) oxynitride gate insulator for deep-sub micron RF and analog CMOS

The 1/f noise in MOSFETs using VHP (vertical high pressure) oxynitride gate insulator was studied. The 1/f noise is degraded by conventional oxynitride gate insulators. It was found that 1/f noise can be improved by using the VHP oxynitride gate insulator

Review Article : Feudalism or Absolute Monarchism?

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68809/2/10.1177_009770049001600304.pd

Photoemission study of Ca-intercalated graphite superconductor CaC₆

In this work, we have performed resonant photoemission studies of Ca-intercalated graphite superconductor CaC6. Using photon energy of the Ca 2p-3d threshold, the photoemission intensity of the peak at Fermi energy (E-F) is resonantly enhanced. This result provides spectroscopic evidence for the existence of Ca 3d states at E-F, and strongly supports that Ca 3d state plays a crucial role for the superconductivity of this material with relatively high T-c

Projection onto the Set of Rank-Constrained Structured Matrices for Reduced-Order Controller Design

In this paper, we propose an efficient numerical computation method of reduced-order controller design for linear time-invariant systems. The design problem is described by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) with a rank constraint on a structured matrix, due to which the problem is non-convex. Instead of the heuristic method that approximates the matrix rank by the nuclear norm, we propose a numerical projection onto the rank-constrained set based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Then the controller is obtained by alternating projection between the rank-constrained set and the LMI set. We show the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with existing heuristic methods, by using 95 benchmark models from the COMPLeib library

Projection onto the Set of Rank-Constrained Structured Matrices for Reduced-Order Controller Design

In this paper, we propose an efficient numerical computation method of reduced-order controller design for linear time-invariant systems. The design problem is described by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) with a rank constraint on a structured matrix, due to which the problem is non-convex. Instead of the heuristic method that approximates the matrix rank by the nuclear norm, we propose a numerical projection onto the rank-constrained set based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Then the controller is obtained by alternating projection between the rank-constrained set and the LMI set. We show the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with existing heuristic methods, by using 95 benchmark models from the COMPLeib library