Depurazione delle acque nell'industria galvanica

Il volume inquadra le problematiche legate alla depurazione degli effluenti liquidi nell’industria galvanica, che riveste grande importanza nel nostro Paese. In apertura si offre una panoramica sulle principali caratteristiche degli effluenti liquidi prodotti nelle diverse lavorazioni, indicando una serie di accorgimenti che consentono di ottenere benefici sia di carattere ambientale che per le economie generali del processo produttivo. Successivamente si descrivono le tecnologie di depurazione disponibili e applicabili in ambito galvanico, esaminate rispetto a criteri come lo stadio di sviluppo, la resa di rimozione, i residui prodotti, i costi, ecc. e valutate in base a quanto riportato nella più aggiornata letteratura di settore. Il lavoro è parte di un più ampio progetto di collaborazione tra Hydrotech S.r.l., insediata in Area Science Park, Assogalvanica e Consorzio per l’Area di ricerca scientifica e tecnologica di Trieste, volto a definire interventi utili al miglioramento dei sistemi di depurazione delle acque nell’industria galvanica

Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Blood-based Liquid Biopsies to Inform Clinical Decision-making in Prostate Cancer

ADN tumoral circulant; Medicina de precisió; Càncer de pròstataADN tumoral circulante; Medicina de precisión; Cáncer de próstataCirculating tumor DNA; Precision medicine; Prostate cancerContext Genomic stratification can impact prostate cancer (PC) care through diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers that aid in clinical decision-making. The temporal and spatial genomic heterogeneity of PC together with the challenges of acquiring metastatic tissue biopsies hinder implementation of tissue-based molecular profiling in routine clinical practice. Blood-based liquid biopsies are an attractive, minimally invasive alternative. Objective To review the clinical value of blood-based liquid biopsy assays in PC and identify potential applications to accelerate the development of precision medicine. Evidence acquisition A systematic review of PubMed/MEDLINE was performed to identify relevant literature on blood-based circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in PC. Evidence synthesis Liquid biopsy has emerged as a practical tool to profile tumor dynamics over time, elucidating features that evolve (genome, epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome) with tumor progression. Liquid biopsy tests encompass analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins that can be detected in CTCs, ctDNA, or EVs. Blood-based liquid biopsies have demonstrated promise in the context of localized tumors (diagnostic signatures, risk stratification, and disease monitoring) and advanced disease (response/resistance biomarkers and prognostic markers). Conclusions Liquid biopsies have value as a source of prognostic, predictive, and response biomarkers in PC. Most clinical applications have been developed in the advanced metastatic setting, where CTC and ctDNA yields are significantly higher. However, standardization of assays and analytical/clinical validation is necessary prior to clinical implementation

Investigation of Iron Vanadates for Simultaneous Carbon Soot Abatement and NH3-SCR

FeVO4 and Fe0.5Er0.5VO4 were prepared and loaded over standard Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) supports based on TiO2-WO3-SiO2 (TWS) and redox active supports like CeO2 and CeZrO2 with the aim of finding a suitable formulation for simultaneous soot abatement and NH3-SCR and to understand the level of interaction between the two reactions. A suitable bi-functional material was identified in the composition FeVO4/CeZrO2 where an SCR active component is added over a redox active support, to increase carbon oxidation properties. The influence of the presence of ammonia in soot oxidation and the effect of the presence of soot on SCR reaction have been addressed. It is found that the addition of NO and NO/NH3 mixtures decreases at different levels the oxidation temperature of carbon soot, while the presence of carbon adversely affects the NH3-SCR reaction by increasing the oxidation of NH3 to NO, thus lowering the NO removal efficiency

Enhanced Stability of Fe2O3-Doped FeVO4/TiO2\u2013WO3\u2013SiO2 SCR Catalysts

This work investigates the effect of addition of Fe2O3 in FeVO4 supported on TiO2-WO3-SiO2 (TWS) NH3-SCR catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by loading 8.4 wt% FeVO4 and different amounts of Fe2O3 on TWS support and the effect of ageing in the range of temperature 650-750 degrees C on the SCR reaction was studied. Fe2O3 does not give any significant contribution to SCR activity for the samples treated at lower temperature, but a remarkable difference is achieved for the samples aged at 750 degrees C. The presence of Fe2O3 at an appropriate loading significantly enhances the thermal stability of the system by contrasting the formation of rutile and lowering the formation of surface VOx species

A New Class of Environmental Friendly Vanadate Based NH 3 SCR Catalysts Exhibiting Good Low Temperature Activity and High Temperature Stability

For the removal of NOx from the oxygen-rich diesel exhaust in mobile applications the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is one of the most favoured technologies. Well established NH 3-SCR technique uses either V 2O 5/WO 3-TiO 2 or Zeolite based catalysts, NOx being continuously reduced by NH 3 resulting in the selective formation of nitrogen and water. A major drawback of V 2O 5 based formulations is their lower thermal stability and low temperature activity, in addition, V 2O 5 release poses serious environmental and toxicity problems. In active filter regeneration performed by post-injection of fuel the temperature may increase up to 800\ub0C resulting in drastic loss of activity (due to poor stability of V 2O 5 based formulations) as well as discharge of V 2O 5. Zeolite-based catalysts promoted by transition metal such as Fe and Cu represent an excellent solution to overcome the stability problems of V 2O 5-based catalysts with only a small activity penalty and cost raise issues but may show disadvantages in stability after hydrothermal ageing. In the present study a new class of rare earth modified Fe vanadates are shown to be valid substitutes of V 2O 5 in SCR catalyst providing i) good activity in the low temperature window (180\ub0C-300\ub0C) ii) high temperature stability up to 850\ub0C, with no major associated activity loss, iii) absence of toxicological and environmental concern

High-temperature stability of V2O5/TiO2-WO3-SiO2 SCR catalysts modified with rare-earths

The introduction of rare earth elements (RE=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er and Yb) into a V(2)O(5)/TiO(2)-WO(3)-SiO(2) system leads to a catalyst which shows a significant improvement in thermal stability by hindering transformation of TiO(2) (anatase) into TiO(2) (rutile). As a consequence, these novel compounds show high removal efficiencies for NO, even after aging at 1023 K, when the state of the art SCR catalysts loose activity and selectivity. This allows potential application of these catalysts in the removal of NO., from diesel or lean-burn automotive engines in addition to stationary applications at high temperatures

SO2 resistant soot oxidation catalysts based on orthovanadates

Metal orthovanadates based on Fe, Al and Ce were prepared by co-precipitation and their structural, morphological and reduction properties were characterized by means of XRD, BET and temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR). Catalytic soot oxidation was carried out with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and temperature programmed oxidation (TPO), respectively, to study the influence of the soot-catalyst contact (tight or loose) as well as the influence of SO2 contamination on the catalyst's activity. The catalysts were compared with CeO2 as reference material. Under tight contact mode, metal orthovanadates were able to oxidize soot at 466\u2013483 \ub0C while in loose contact mode their activity was close to that of CeO2. However, the former did not suffer an activity loss due to SO2 poisoning, which is attributed to less adsorptive interactions between SO2 and the vanadates as could be proven by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy

An IR study of thermally stable V2O5-WO3 -TiO2 SCR catalysts modified with silica and rare-earths (Ce, Tb, Er

The catalytic activity of silica-free and silica-modified rare earth (Ce, Tb, Er) containing V2O5-WO3 -TiO2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction of NO by ammonia has been investigated as a function of ageing temperatures. The adsorption of ammonia on the catalysts and the behavior of their surface hydroxy groups and of bulk vibrations has also been studied by IR spectroscopy. Rare earths slightly decrease the catalytic activity of catalysts in a fresh state, and this has been attributed to the perturbation, observed by IR, of the vanadyl groups with a likely lowering of their Lewis acidity. However, rare earths (in particular Tb and Er) increase strongly the catalytic activity of catalysts after ageing. Silica only does not seem to have a positive effect on thermal stability and activity when vanadium is present. It has been concluded that rare earths strongly increase the thermal resistance of the catalysts and inhibit rutilization and surface area loss because they do not penetrate the anatase bulk while tend to cover the external surface. In addition the negative action of free vanadium on phase stability is decreased due to formation of rare earth vanadates