Helicopter internal noise reduction research and development application to the SA 360 and SA 365 Dauphin

Noise sources inside helicopter cabins are considered with emphasis on the mechanisms of vibration generation inside the main gear box and mechanisms of transmission between source and cabin. The dynamic behavior of the main gear box components is examined in relation to the transfer of vibration energy to the structure. It is indicated that although improvements can be made in noise reduction at the source, a soundproofing treatment isolating the passenger from the noise source is necessary. Soundproofing treatments installed and optimized include: (1) an acoustic screen using the weight effect to isolate the passenger from the noise source; (2) a damping treatment to limit the conversion of the vibratory energy into acoustic energy; and (3) an absorbing treatment achieved either through HELMHOLTZ resonators or through a glass wool blanket to limit the propagation of acoustic waves and the wave reflection effects in the cabin. The application of treatments at the source and the optimization of the sound barriers improved the noise level by about 30 db

XMOISE: A Logical Spreadsheet to Elicit Didactic Knowledge

International audienceKnowledge elicitation is a critical problem in computerized learning environments that make use of a knowledge base. Fortunately, contrary to usual expertise elicitation situations, didactic scientific knowledge is quite often well formalized, and authors are used to deal with the logical organization of the domain they teach. We want to propose here an original tool, a logical spreadsheet which, if included in an authoring package, will help authors organize concepts and at the same time make both conception and maintenance of didactic knowledge bases much easier

Pengaruh Berbagai Fase Siklus Menstruasi terhadap Memori Jangka Pendek pada Mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Ukrida Angkatan 2016

Siklus mensturasi merupakan siklus yang normal terjadi pada perempuan dengan karakteristik keluarnya darah dari vagina. Fase menstruasi dapat dibagi menjadi fase yang terjadi di ovarium yaitu fase folikular, fase ovulasi, dan fase luteal, serta fase yang terjadi di endometrium yaitu fase proliferasi, sekretori, dan menstruasi. Beberapa penelitian menemukan perbedaan fungsi tubuh perempuan di masing-masing fase mensturasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh siklus menstruasi dengan memori jangka pendek, menggunakan subjek penelitian mahasiswi Fakultas kedokteran Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana (Ukrida) angkatan 2016 sebanyak 66 orang. Pengukuran memori jangka pendek dilakukan dengan metode pemeriksaan digit span. Pemeriksaan digit span dilakukan tiga kali yaitu pada fase menstruasi, fase proliferasi dan fase sekretori. Didapatkan hasil forward digit span: fase menstruasi, fase proliferasi, fase sekretori = 5,77; 6,26; 6,44. Fase menstruasi dibandingkan dengan fase proliferasi (p<0,05; p=0,002), fase mensturasi dibandingkan dengan fase sekretori (p<0,05, p=0,001), fase proliferasi dibandingkan dengan fase sekretori (p>0,05; p=0,255). Hasil backward digit span: fase menstruasi, fase proliferasi, fase sekretori = 5,08; 5,58; 5,39. Fase mensturasi dibandingkan dengan fase proliferasi (p<0,05; p=0,001), fase menstruasi dibandingkan dengan fase sekretori (p<0,05; p=0,012), fase proliferasi dibandingkan dengan fase sekretori (p>0,05; p=0,210). Kesimpulan: memori jangka pendek paling buruk pada fase menstruasi dan semakin meningkat pada fase proliferasi dan fase sekretori.Kata Kunci: siklus menstruasi, memori jangka pendek, tes digit spa

Encapsulation of betalain into w​/o​/w double emulsion and release during in vitro intestinal lipid digestion

A water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion was prepared with water extract of red beet as the inner water phase, rapeseed oil as the oil phase and polysaccharides solution as the outer water phase. Polyglycerol polyricinoleate and polar lipid fraction from oat were used as emulsifiers for primary water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion and secondary w/o/w emulsion, respectively. Their mean droplet sizes were approximately 0.34 μm and 5.5 μm, respectively. The double emulsion showed a high encapsulation efficiency of 89.1% and had a pink coloration due to encapsulated betalain. The double emulsion was subjected to in vitro intestinal lipid digestion and the evolution of structures and release of betalain were monitored. During the first 2 h of digestion, coalescence of the inner water phase droplets was observed, and the sizes of the double emulsion droplets increased quickly because of aggregation. This period also corresponded to release of betalain, reaching about 35%. After 3 h of digestion, no more release was measured, corresponding to no further increase in droplet sizes. In contrast, the encapsulation efficiency and droplet sizes were not affected after 3 h in the same digestion conditions but without the bile salts and lipase, showing they were responsible for the release.</p

Structurer l'aliment pour mieux piloter sa déconstruction dans le tube digestif et optimiser la biodisponibilité des nutriments.

Dans un contexte réglementaire contraint et une demande sociale et sociétale en pleine évolution, une refonte complète de l’ouvrage « Aliments fonctionnels » voit le jour. Grâce à la contribution de plus d’une cinquantaine d’experts aux compétences complémentaires, « Aliments fonctionnels » s’enrichit d’approches nouvelles en lien avec la durabilité des systèmes alimentaires.Ainsi cet ouvrage fournit de multiples pistes de réflexion et de nombreux axes de recherche pour l’innovation alimentaire.Aux chapitres des précédentes éditions entièrement réactualisés, s’ajoutent des volets illustrant les comportements, les inégalités sociales, la compréhension des messages, l’acceptabilité des innovations et les enjeux de la durabilité.Ce livre présente donc des questions nouvelles en lien avec la sécurité alimentaire du consommateur et les perspectives d’évolution de la démographie mondiale.« Aliments fonctionnels » s’adresse aux ingénieurs en R&D agroalimentaire, aux professionnels de la nutrition et de l’alimentation, de la santé, aux spécialistes du marketing, de l’innovation et de la communication et à tous les acteurs de la sécurité alimentaire.Les dernières décennies ont vu une augmentation spectaculaire, à l’échelle internationale,des pathologies liées à l’aliment et à l’alimentation. Le surpoids et ses conséquences tellesque les maladies cardiovasculaires ou le diabète de type 2 touchent environ 1,5 milliard d’adultes dans le monde et la plupart des prévisions prévoient que ce chiffre atteindra 3 milliards d’individus à l’horizon 2030. On estime à près de 3 millions le nombre de personnes décédant chaque année du fait de leur surpoids ou de leur obésité. En France, 6,5 millions de personnes sont considérées comme obèses. La proportion des personnes obèses est ainsi passée de 8,5 % à 14,5 % entre 1997 et 2009. L’augmentation de la prévalence est observée dans toutes les tranches d’âge de la population, y compris chez les séniors, avec une exacerbation chez les femmes (15,1 %) par rapport aux hommes (13,9 %). L’augmentation de l’obésité est majoritairement liée à (1) une plus grande consommationd’aliments très caloriques riches en graisses et (2) un manque croissant d’activité physique en raison de la nature de plus en plus sédentaire de nombreuses formes de travail, de l’évolution des modes de transport et de l’urbanisation. Malgré de multiples campagnes de sensibilisation, force est de constater qu’il est difficile de contraindre les personnes en surpoids à accroître leur activité physique. Une des solutions possibles serait donc de proposer au consommateur une offre alimentaire moins calorique, tout en présentant lesmêmes propriétés de rassasiement et de satiété

An elasto-visco-plastic model for immortal foams or emulsions

A variety of complex fluids consist in soft, round objects (foams, emulsions, assemblies of copolymer micelles or of multilamellar vesicles -- also known as onions). Their dense packing induces a slight deviation from their prefered circular or spherical shape. As a frustrated assembly of interacting bodies, such a material evolves from one conformation to another through a succession of discrete, topological events driven by finite external forces. As a result, the material exhibits a finite yield threshold. The individual objects usually evolve spontaneously (colloidal diffusion, object coalescence, molecular diffusion), and the material properties under low or vanishing stress may alter with time, a phenomenon known as aging. We neglect such effects to address the simpler behaviour of (uncommon) immortal fluids: we construct a minimal, fully tensorial, rheological model, equivalent to the (scalar) Bingham model. Importantly, the model consistently describes the ability of such soft materials to deform substantially in the elastic regime (be it compressible or not) before they undergo (incompressible) plastic creep -- or viscous flow under even higher stresses.Comment: 69 pages, 29 figure

Electrical conductivity of dispersions: from dry foams to dilute suspensions

We present new data for the electrical conductivity of foams in which the liquid fraction ranges from two to eighty percent. We compare with a comprehensive collection of prior data, and we model all results with simple empirical formul\ae. We achieve a unified description that applies equally to dry foams and emulsions, where the droplets are highly compressed, as well as to dilute suspensions of spherical particles, where the particle separation is large. In the former limit, Lemlich's result is recovered; in the latter limit, Maxwell's result is recovered

Guidance on safety evaluation of sources of nutrients and bioavailability of nutrient from the sources

Whenever new substances are proposed for use as sources of nutrients in food supplements, foods for the general population or foods for specific groups, EFSA is requested by the European Commission to perform an assessment of their safety and of the bioavailability of the nutrient from the proposed source. This guidance describes the scientific data required to allow an evaluation of the safety of the source within the established framework for risk assessment of food additives and novel food ingredients and the bioavailability of the nutrient from this source. This document is arranged in five main sections: one on technical data aimed at characterising the proposed source and at identifying potential hazards resulting from its manufacture and stability in food; one on existing authorisations and evaluation, providing an overview of previous assessments on the proposed source and their conclusions; one on proposed uses and exposure assessment section, allowing an estimate of the dietary exposure to the source and the nutrient based on the proposed uses and use levels; one on toxicological data, describing approaches which can be used to identify (in conjunction with data on manufacture and composition) and to characterise hazards of the source and any relevant breakdown products; the final section on bioavailability focuses on determining the extent to which the nutrient from the proposed source is available for use by the body in comparison with one or more forms of the same nutrient that are already permitted for use on the positive lists. This guidance document should replace the previous guidance issued by the Scientific Committee for Food and published in 2001

A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food – an international consensus

peer-reviewedSimulated gastro-intestinal digestion is widely employed in many fields of food and nutritional sciences, as conducting human trials are often costly, resource intensive, and ethically disputable. As a consequence, in vitro alternatives that determine endpoints such as the bioaccessibility of nutrients and non-nutrients or the digestibility of macronutrients (e.g. lipids, proteins and carbohydrates) are used for screening and building new hypotheses. Various digestion models have been proposed, often impeding the possibility to compare results across research teams. For example, a large variety of enzymes from different sources such as of porcine, rabbit or human origin have been used, differing in their activity and characterization. Differences in pH, mineral type, ionic strength and digestion time, which alter enzyme activity and other phenomena, may also considerably alter results. Other parameters such as the presence of phospholipids, individual enzymes such as gastric lipase and digestive emulsifiers vs. their mixtures (e.g. pancreatin and bile salts), and the ratio of food bolus to digestive fluids, have also been discussed at length. In the present consensus paper, within the COST Infogest network, we propose a general standardised and practical static digestion method based on physiologically relevant conditions that can be applied for various endpoints, which may be amended to accommodate further specific requirements. A frameset of parameters including the oral, gastric and small intestinal digestion are outlined and their relevance discussed in relation to available in vivo data and enzymes. This consensus paper will give a detailed protocol and a line-by-line, guidance, recommendations and justifications but also limitation of the proposed model. This harmonised static, in vitro digestion method for food should aid the production of more comparable data in the future.COST action FA1005 Infogest22 (http://www.cost-infogest.eu/) is acknowledged for providing funding for travel, meetings and conferences