Catholic song-propaganda in the Czech lands

The Dissertation considers the Catholic song propaganda of the early modern times. Its research is based on Bohemian literate and musical sources. The basic methods of the song-propaganda were actually invented by Protestants. The Catholic reformers were able to react to its influence through their own song-propaganda (for instance Leisentrit and Jesuits) and modernized and developed their own new methods with just a minute delay. The song-propaganda was an outstanding device for indoctrinating common people anyway because of their analphabetism. The main attention was focused on persuasive methods used in the songpropaganda by Catholic missionaries. These methods can be classified as follows: The repetitive method was the simplest one based on a simple reproduction of fundamental Christian texts (Lord's Prayer, Credo, Ave), religious dogmas (purgatory, confession, communion) and ideological doctrines (singularity of the Catholic Church) in a musical form. It was mainly applied in the catechesis. The songs inspired by this method were mainly addressed to children and youth. The exemplary method gives either positive or negative example people should or should not follow. These songs narrated mostly a life of a exemplary saint. They were very popular among children and therefore applied in catechesis. A more..

Survival of four species of adult lady beetles that were fed Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p>Cox proportional hazards model with a random effect for cage, and stratified by replicate,α = 0.05.</p><p>Survival of four species of adult lady beetles that were fed Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).</p

Survival of four species of adult lady beetles that were fed Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers that that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p>Means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different, Tukey-Kramer MRT,α = 0.05.</p><p>Survival of four species of adult lady beetles that were fed Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers that that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).</p

Survival for 14 days of four species of adult lady beetles that were allowed to feed on flowers from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, plants that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) rate of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p>Flowers were presented in opposite ends of a tube cage (C-C, 1X-C, 1X-1X, 2X-C, 2X-2X).</p

Survival of two species of adult butterflies that were free-ranging and allowed to feed on flowers from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G) for <i>Danaus</i>, monarch butterflies at days 7 and 15 and for <i>Vanessa</i>, painted lady butterflies at days 7, 15, 21, and 29.

<p>Survival of two species of adult butterflies that were free-ranging and allowed to feed on flowers from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G) for <i>Danaus</i>, monarch butterflies at days 7 and 15 and for <i>Vanessa</i>, painted lady butterflies at days 7, 15, 21, and 29.</p

Survival at days 7, 15, 21, 29 of two species of adult butterflied that were force-fed 30% syrup containing 0 ppb (C), 15 ppb (1X), or 30 ppb (2X) imidacloprid.

<p>Survival at days 7, 15, 21, 29 of two species of adult butterflied that were force-fed 30% syrup containing 0 ppb (C), 15 ppb (1X), or 30 ppb (2X) imidacloprid.</p

Imidacloprid, hydroxy, and olefin residue (ppm) extracted from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers (1 g) that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p>Residue analysis was performed at ALS Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, CA. Means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different, Tukey-Kramer MRT,α = 0.05.</p><p>Imidacloprid, hydroxy, and olefin residue (ppm) extracted from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, flowers (1 g) that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).</p

Survival of two species of adult butterflies that were free-ranging and allowed to feed on flowers from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i> (AC), that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G) or that were force-fed 30% syrup syrup (S) containing 0 ppb (C), 15 ppb (1X), or 30 ppb (2X) imidacloprid.

<p>Survival of two species of adult butterflies that were free-ranging and allowed to feed on flowers from Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i> (AC), that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G) or that were force-fed 30% syrup syrup (S) containing 0 ppb (C), 15 ppb (1X), or 30 ppb (2X) imidacloprid.</p

Comparison of imidacloprod, hydroxy, and olefin residue (ppm) in Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassivica</i>, and buckwheat, <i>Fagopyrum esculentum</i>, flowers (1 g) [47] that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p>Comparison of imidacloprod, hydroxy, and olefin residue (ppm) in Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassivica</i>, and buckwheat, <i>Fagopyrum esculentum</i>, flowers (1 g) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119133#pone.0119133.ref047" target="_blank">47</a>] that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).</p

Survival at days 7, 14, and 21 of two species of larval butterflies that were free-ranging on host plants that were untreated (C), treated with label rate (1X), or twice label rate (2X) of soil-applied imidacloprid (Marathon 1%G).

<p><i>Danaus</i>, monarch butterflies were fed Mexican milkweed, <i>Asclepias curassavica</i>, and <i>Vanessa</i> painted lady butterflies were fed globe thistle, <i>Echinops ritro</i>.</p