The stuff of translation and independent female scientific authorship : the case of Taxidermy..., anon. (1820)

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‘In from the periphery’? Re-framing the reach of the nineteenth-century French literary-scientific imagination

By investigating what it calls the literary-scientific imagination, this article refocuses critical attention towards new nineteenth-century French scientific knowledge in texts outside the realist “canon”. Chateaubriand’s Atala (1801) reveals French natural scientific nomenclatures illuminating significant, non-Western, knowledge. Scientific discovery in “provincial” France proves discipline- and genre-defining in Adrien Cranile’s little-studied Solutré (1872). Sand’s fantastical-dystopian Laura ou Voyage dans le Cristal (1864) demonstrates important re-educational review of imperial scientific progress. The shared peripheral visions, effets de l’irréel and critical-creative scientific possibility of these indicative texts demonstrate the richness of the (nineteenth-century) French literary-scientific imagination for onward study.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Vocabulary Acquisition: Implementing Word Walls with Images in Science for ELLs

With increased concern about science instruction for ELLs, this quantitative applied research project sought to answer the research question, “Is there a relationship between the vocabulary instructional strategy of a word wall with images (WWwI) and the science vocabulary acquisition for ELLs?” The research design was a pre-test post-test control condition study using a group of ELLs in an ELL classroom for both the control condition and experimental condition. The quantitative data confirmed the results that there is a relationship between the students learning the science vocabulary words with the use of a WWwI since the experimental condition of ELLs experienced the greater increase in means from the unit pre-test to the post-test. Additional results indicated that ELLs liked learning science and thought science vocabulary was important yet challenging to learn. Most importantly, the students confirmed that imagery was important when acquiring science vocabulary

Catalysts, compilers and expositors : rethinking women’s pivotal contributions in nineteenth-century 'physical sciences'

This chapter re-examines the contexts of Whewell’s alleged coinage of the term ‘scientist’ in 1833 to rethink women’s pivotal contributions to nineteenth-century ‘physical sciences’ and to STEM(M) today. Whewell’s term thus reveals his reactive need for a label in English for major international contributors to the ‘physical sciences’, including expert women in their fields such as Mary Somerville (1780–1872). The chapter then uncovers exemplary women following in her parallel practices of ‘physicien’ science as catalysts, compilers and expositors: Sarah Bowdich (Lee), (1791–1856), Margaret Gatty (1809–1873) and Athénaïs Michelet (1826–1899). Although unacknowledged by their professionalizing ‘scientist’ counterparts, all three differently contributed to international ‘physical sciences’ independently in plain sight. When reinstated to view, however, women’s alternative primary models for scientific practice of the period both reveal the entitlement of ‘scientist’ to an exclusionary and exclusive body of particular men and challenge the alleged exceptionalism of women in (nineteenth-century) science ‘pipelines’.Postprin

The Grotte du Renne, Leroi-Gourhan and Flaubert's Légende de saint Julien l’Hospitalier (1877): : the question of préhistoire(s) to delimit the human

This article reconsiders the important work of Leroi-Gourhan through the lens of Chris Johnson's ‘Leroi-Gourhan and the Limits of the Human’ (2011) by returning to the context of French prehistory of the 1860s that lies behind Leroi-Gourhan's discoveries and interpretations of hominid remains and artefacts in the Grotte du Renne. The Exposition universelle of 1867 and French publications of the period capture the importance of ‘préhistoire’ for Second Empire France materialized in Napoleon III’s establishment at Saint-Germain-en-Laye of the first national Musée des Antiquités nationales dedicated to their collections. The archaeological discoveries, and the debates they inspired, did not escape the encyclopedic bricolage and designs of Flaubert. With delicious clins d'oeil to the question of ‘l'homme fossile’ and ‘l’homme futur’ that he had already debated with Louis Bouilhet, this article uncovers how Flaubert's Légende de Saint Julien details the ‘limits of the human’ in Johnson’s reading of Leroi-Gourhan. By returning to ‘real’ counterparts for the legendary Stag in Flaubert’s tale, its contextual, allegedly fantastical, ‘préhistoires’ can better be excavated. To find the non-legendary, extreme contemporary, sources for Flaubert's disturbing text crucially informs critique of the dehistoricization of seeing in postwar French cultural studies and sciences of the humanPostprintPeer reviewe

The historical novel in America 1896-1902

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Kansas, English, 1932

The insane in 19th-century Britain: a statistical analysis of a Scottish insane asylum

Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert anhand einer statistischen Analyse der Unterlagen eines psychiatrischen Krankenhauses in Schottland (Glasgow) in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts folgende Aspekte: (1) Inwieweit kann eine 'moralische Behandlung' der Insassen aus den Unterlagen erschlossen werden? (2) Die Beschreibung des ökonomischen und sozialen Hintergrunds der Insassen hinsichtlich Diagnose und Behandlung; (3) Gibt es statistisch signifikante geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in den protokollierten Krankengeschichten? Die letzte Frage wird verneint; entscheidend sind der soziale und ökonomische Hintergrund für die Einlieferung und Diagnosestellung. (pmb)'This paper deals with an insane asylum population in the second half of the 19th century in Glasgow, Scotland. First, it attempts to place the asylum within the mental health context of the time by determining the extent of the use of moral management, a popular method for treating the insane in the 19th century. The results indicate that, in keeping with widely-held views, moral management was used alongside other, more traditional, methods, but that its use seemed to be in decline toward the end of the century. Second, it uses statistical data gathered from the admissions register of social and economic background, medical history, and experience inside the asylum. Third, it also uses these data to try to determine gender differences in the asylum experience of women and men. The findings do not indicate statistically significant differences between women and men in the asylum, suggesting that the asylum experience had less to do with gender than with social and economic status and background.' (author's abstract

‘Nous sommes tous nés nomades.’ The pictorial compasses of Fromentin’s Dominique and Flaubert’s Salammbô of 1862

thanks go to the British Academy for its support for the research and completion of this article, when it was not part of the project for which it had awarded me the 2021–2022 Donald Winch Fund Senior Research Fellowship in Intellectual History.This article takes its lead from Barbara Wright’s simple yet profound literary-critical imperative, ‘“Only Connect” … ’ (2010), to reflect Fromentin’s Dominique critically in Flaubert’s Salammbô – and vice versa – by means of the aesthetic compasses of critical reader response in 1862, and their authors’ earlier travel writing. In therefore arguing by example for renewed examination of important works in word and image in Second Empire France that appear the same year, the article reorientates twenty-first-century critical debate concerning the status and aesthetic perspectives of mature, representative, enduring and canonical works in nineteenth-century French and Francophone Studies.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Collecting women in geology : opening the international case of a Scottish 'cabinétière', Eliza Gordon Cumming (c. 1798–1842)

The double meanings of ‘case’ in the subtitle pinpoint the dual investigations of this chapter. It first puts the case for better understanding of women's contributions to ‘serious’ geology in international, as well as national, contexts by overtly collecting British women collectors in the field who contributed to French geological knowledge. It can then unpack the pivotal importance of women's geology collections and women collectors ‘at home’ in the establishment of new global subfields of geological work in the 1840s, despite more famous names being given national and international recognition for key discoveries. Our examination of the geology case in point – the collection and its expert collector, Lady Eliza Gordon Cumming – discloses her international geological expertise but also longer transnational heritage of women's scientific collecting practice. By proposing the French term ‘cabinétière’ to name its clearer status, this chapter investigates the implications of serious retrospective relabelling for geology when a woman discoverer-collector is restored and reconnected to her world collections.Postprin

Externalizing Transformations of Historical Documents: Opportunities for Provenance-Driven Visualization

Transcription, annotation, digitization and/or visualization are common transformations that historical documents such as national records, birth/death registers, university records, letters or books undergo. Reasons for those transformations span from the (physical) protection of the original materials to disclosure of 'hidden' information or patterns within the documents. Even though such transformations bring new insights and perspectives on the documents, they also modify the documents' content, structure, and/or artifactual form and thus, occlude prior knowledge and interpretation. When it comes to visualization as a means to transform historical documents from written to abstract visual form, there is typically little acknowledgment or even understanding of the previous transformation steps these documents have gone through. The 'tremendous rhetorical force' of visualization, we argue, should not be at the expense of the multiple pasts, contexts, and curators that are inherent in historical record collections. Rather, the urgent question for the fields of visualization and the (digital) humanities is how to better support awareness of these multiple layers of interpretation and the people behind them when representing historical documents. We begin to address this question based on a collection of historical university records by (a) investigating common transformation processes of historical documents, and (b) discussing opportunities and challenges for making such transformations transparent through what we call 'provenance-driven visualization'; the idea for a visualization that makes visible the layers of transformation (including interpretation, re-structuring, and curation) inherent in historical documents