An Introduction to School-To-Work Programs in the NLSY97: How Prevalent are They, and Which Youths do They Serve?

In the wake of the 1994 School-to-Work Opportunities Act (STWOA), we introduce and study two new data sources to estimate the extent to which school-to-work programs have been implemented in U.S. high schools, and the extent to which high school students are participating in these programs. The first data source, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 (NLSY97), provides information directly form students on whether they participated in these programs. The second source, the 1996 School Administrators's Survey, was administered to schools attended by NLSY97 interviewees, and provides information directly from schools on whether they offered any school-to-work programs. Findings from the 1996 School Administrator's Survey show that school-to-work programs are commonly offered, with over 60 percent of schools providing at least one such program. Findings from the NLSY97 show that a fair number of high school students participate in school-to-work programs, with about 38 percent of students reporting participation in at least one program. The findings concerning whether schools with disadvantaged student populations are more likely to offer school-to-work programs, or whether less-advantaged students are more likely to participate in these programs, are mixed.

Alien Registration- Joyce, Mary (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/23639/thumbnail.jp

Alien Registration- Joyce, Mary (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/23639/thumbnail.jp

Security in a Distributed Processing Environment

Distribution plays a key role in telecommunication and computing systems today. It has become a necessity as a result of deregulation and anti-trust legislation, which has forced businesses to move from centralised, monolithic systems to distributed systems with the separation of applications and provisioning technologies, such as the service and transportation layers in the Internet. The need for reliability and recovery requires systems to use replication and secondary backup systems such as those used in ecommerce. There are consequences to distribution. It results in systems being implemented in heterogeneous environment; it requires systems to be scalable; it results in some loss of control and so this contributes to the increased security issues that result from distribution. Each of these issues has to be dealt with. A distributed processing environment (DPE) is middleware that allows heterogeneous environments to operate in a homogeneous manner. Scalability can be addressed by using object-oriented technology to distribute functionality. Security is more difficult to address because it requires the creation of a distributed trusted environment. The problem with security in a DPE currently is that it is treated as an adjunct service, i.e. and after-thought that is the last thing added to the system. As a result, it is not pervasive and therefore is unable to fully support the other DPE services. DPE security needs to provide the five basic security services, authentication, access control, integrity, confidentiality and non-repudiation, in a distributed environment, while ensuring simple and usable administration. The research, detailed in this thesis, starts by highlighting the inadequacies of the existing DPE and its services. It argues that a new management structure was introduced that provides greater flexibility and configurability, while promoting mechanism and service independence. A new secure interoperability framework was introduced which provides the ability to negotiate common mechanism and service level configurations. New facilities were added to the non-repudiation and audit services. The research has shown that all services should be security-aware, and therefore would able to interact with the Enhanced Security Service in order to provide a more secure environment within a DPE. As a proof of concept, the Trader service was selected. Its security limitations were examined, new security behaviour policies proposed and it was then implemented as a Security-aware Trader, which could counteract the existing security limitations.IONA TECHNOLOGIES PLC & ORANG

The Teacher/Student Mismatch as a Site for Diffracting Subjectivity

Currently, in the United States, there is an urgency to address the perceived failure of contemporary public schools to educate diverse populations. This sense of failure is propped up by performance discrepancies between White, middle-class youth and low-income, including most often, youth of color. This disparity, frequently referred to as "the achievement gap," drives mandatory school improvement policies and practices designed to improve outcomes for underperforming, sub-categorically, school populations. Amid these interrelated policies and practices, all of which are dependent upon assumptions requiring predictability, generalizability, and stability as characteristics of sub-populations and their constituent subjects, the racial divide and the economic gap have been re-coded in terms of differences in exam scores (Taubman, 2009, p. 154). One significant implication of populational reasoning as recently deployed in contemporary U.S. public schools is that teachers-frequently White, middle-class women-are increasingly attributed with a categorical bias that "has increasingly served as a possible explanation [emphasis added] for the 'achievement gap,'" rather than as a contributing factor embedded in "demographic factors … far more complex than [previously] indicated" in education research (Farkas 2004, as cited in Takei & Shouse, 2007, p. 368; Ferguson, 1998; Perry, 2003). In this way, the frequent failures and non-proficiencies of both teachers and students, key components of crisis discourses, are often attributed to simplistically applied and unexamined "racial asymmetry" (p. 368) and undesirably framed within a "cultural and demographic mismatch" (Grant & Gibson, 2011, p. 25). In order to trouble commonsensical conceptualizations of this mismatch, this conceptual study works toward re-theorizing the mismatch as both a concept and as a subject-glomming "hub" in schools and society in ways that articulate difference differently. By diffracting feminist, new materialist and poststructural theories of subjectivity through the material discursive fields surrounding a contemporary work of art and a post-industrial city, notions of diffraction, as both a methodological tool and as a concept, are developed. Experimenting with the notion of concept as method, "mismatched" subjects are re-presented as non-individuated subjectivities that emerge within ever-changing material/discursive fields

The Epidemiology, Aetiology, and Histopathology of Developmental Enamel Defects in Human Teeth

PhDThe prevalence of developmental enamel defects in t11 permanent dentition was investigated in a sample of 2923 East London schoolchildren aged 5 to 15 years. Enamel discolourations and hypoplasias were identified using well defined criteria. Two-thirds of the children had at least one tooth with- an enamel defect. In the group of 1518 children with 24-28 erupted permanent teeth, 68 per cent had enamel defects with. a mean of 3.6 per child. The upper central Incisors and first molars had the highest prevalence of enamel defects. In these teeth., the proportion of defects decreased with.. age. The majority of defects were discolourations; 67 per cent of children..with a "complete" -permanent dentition had discolouration defects whereas only iS. per cent had enamel bypoplasia. The aetiology of defects-found in children with. two or more hypoplastic teeth was investigated in a family study. Four of the 101 index cases had amelogenesis imperfecta and 18 had chronological hypoplasia caused by systemic diseases. The defects in a further 18 subjects had a probable systemic aetiology. Bilateral hypoplasia of the lower incisors was found in 22 subjects and a multifactoria]. mode of inheritance was postulated for this condition. For one third of the index cases no cause could be found for their hypoplasia. A histological study. complemented thesurveys by describing structural characteristics of different types of enamel defects. The investigation highlighted a number of differences between enamel defects caused by systemic upsets and those caused by genetic factors. An archaelogical. study assessedthe prevalence-of enamel h-ypoplasia in a cällection of early British skulls. Thirty-seven per cent had a number of hypoplastic teeth. There were few severe cases of hypoplasia; the most common type of defect being shallow horizontal grooves. The many teeth with shallow defects suggested periodic disturbances in enamel formation between 2 and 6 years of age. This thesis has provided further information about the complex nature of enamel defects. The different aspects of enamel defects which have been investigated have contributed to a greater understanding of their prevalence, aetiology and histology

Homeostasis and energy storage in man.

Western man does not in general appear to operate homeostatic mechanisms to control his energy storage. Fragmentation makes it difficult to draw comprehensive conclusions from the literature research, a report of which is included, and the fact that much of the energy balance work is based on experimentation with other species raises questions of relevance. Individual human beings may vary with regard to biochemical type or may experience phase difference in a famine/feast rhythm. These theories and the involvement of brown adipose tissue are examined in some detail. An attempt to 'type' individuals by measurement of respiratory quotient failed. A pilot investigation into core temperature difference shows promise. The responses to three questionnaire forms are analysed. Two questionnaires reveal a high level of anxiety about body weight among young people. The third investigates calcium and vitamin D consumption and the possibility of linkage with famine/feast phase state. It is concluded that although recognition of 'type' or 'phase state' might well provide a short cut, ultimately individual experimentation with a variety of foods is likely to be necessary, if diet modification is to reduce weight without adverse complications