Marine Fishery Development and Climate Change

Marine fisheries have very important roles for food supply, food security and income generation in India. About one million people work directly in this sector, producing 3.1 million tonnes annually. The value of the marine fish landings have been estimated at Rs. 36,964 crores in 2010 and India has earned a foreign exchange of Rs. 10,000 crores through the export of 6 lakh tonnes of sea food products. The fisheries sector, presently contributes around one percent to the GDP and 4.72 percent to Agricultural GDP of our country (Sathiadhas et al., 2012). Being open access to a large extent, there is intense competition among the stakeholders with varied interests to share the limited resources in the coastal waters, which has resulted in overfishing and decline in stocks of a few species. Climate change renders severity to this situation and act as a dispensatory factor on fish populations. Further, it will also have strong impact on fisheries with far-reaching consequences for food and livelihood security of a sizeable section of the population

Breeding and larval rearing of the clownfish Amphiprion chrysogaster

A technology for breeding and rearing of the clownfish Amphiprion chrysogaster was developed at Vizhinjam Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. The major technological aspects of clownfish rearing programme are the successful development of broodstock, methods of hatching the eggs, development of a biological detoxifying filtration system for larval rearing and appropriate larval feeding schedule. The fishes along with the anemones were collected and kept in one tonne tanks fitted with biological filter. In all the tanks one pair grew ahead of others and became the spawning pair. The fish spawned several times in the broodstock tanks. The eggs were attached to small earthern pots, granite stones, on the sides of the broodstock tanks. The freshly laid fertilised egg was orange in colour and it started swelling within a few hours. The eggs were stalked, capsule shaped and the length ranged from 1.7 to 2.9 mm. The eggs required continuous aeration which was created by the fanning of the eggs by the parents. The eggs started darkening from the second day and the developing larvae were clearly visible through the egg capsule from the third to fourth day. The larval hatching period was between six and seven days. On the day of hatching the egg capsules became very thin and transparent. Glowing of the larval eyes was prominent. The larvae broke the capsules and came out. Darkness accelerated hatching. Mass hatching of the eggs occurred during night with the peak during 1900 to 2200 hrs. The larva was fed rotifer. The larval survival during the critical period (from the day of hatching to the fifth day) ranged from 50 to 60%

New Tools for Studying Network Industry Reforms in Developing Countries: The Telecommunications and Electricity Regulation Database

Infrastructure industries including telecommunications, electricity, water, and gas underwent massive structural changes during the 1990s. During that decade, hundreds of privatization transactions valued at billions of dollars were completed in these sectors in developing and transitional economies. While privatization has received the most attention, reforms also included market liberalization, structural changes like unbundling, and the introduction of new laws and regulations. To date, regulations have received far less attention than their potential economic effects warrant, largely due to lack of data. In order to address this problem, we set out to compile an extensive, comprehensive, and consistent dataset through an extensive survey of telecommunications and electricity regulators in developing countries. Our database of telecommunications regulations includes 178 variables on regulatory governance and content in 45 countries. Our database of electricity regulations includes 374 variables in 20 countries.

Discrete Exponential-Family Models for Multivariate Binary Outcomes

Studies that collect multi-outcome data such as tobacco and alcohol use are becoming increasingly common. In principle, multi-outcomes studies investigate the correlations between outcomes, including, causal links and/or joint distributions. Although there are many methods for studying multivariate outcomes, significant limitations regarding scale and interpretation persist. Here we introduce a model based on the exponential-family for discrete binary outcomes that provides a flexible framework for hypothesis testing of multiple binary outcomes in a computationally efficient fashion

Role of gametes and asexual products of algae in the food chain of aquatic medium

Experiments conducted by keeping mussel larvae in filtered sea water along with fragments of Viva sp., Chaetomorpha sp. and Cladophora sp. capable of readily releasing gametes in the medium showed that the larvae could metamorphose to settling stage with in 15 to 18 days by actively feeding on the gametes released by these algae. It is also noticed that the breeding cycle of the above algae along with the other algae in the locality coincides with the peak breeding period of mussel in Vizhinjam and in other mussel bed areas. The asexual reproductive products of these algae have also been observed to play in similar role as diet of the larvae and adult mussels. The study shows that gametes and other reprouuctive cells released by algae form a microleval food chain in the aquatic medium enriching the ecosystem. The paper emphasises a new line of investigation to find out the impact of this micro level food chain to improve the fish and shellfish production in coastal brackish water and fresh water ecosystems by comparing the role of other algal groups on a global basis. Eventhough considerahle work has be~n done on a global on the reproduction and propagation of algae, the biologists throughout the world have been concentrating mostly on the biology of reproduction in these groups. However. the role of the gametes and other asexually released products in the aquatic medium other than their natural proc~s of propagation has not been studied. Among a few important works on algae the reviews on the reproduction of algae made by Bold and Wynne(1978) Fritsch (1977) and Bhatia (1975) are worth mentioning and they give a broad picture on the alternation of generations and the reproductive behaviour of the marine

Accuracy of ICD-9-CM Codes by Hospital Characteristics and Stroke Severity: Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program

Background—Epidemiological and health services research often use International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) codes to identify patients with clinical conditions in administrative databases. We determined whether there are systematic variations between stroke patient clinical diagnoses and ICD‐9‐CM codes, stratified by hospital characteristics and stroke severity. Methods and Results—We used the records of patients discharged from hospitals participating in the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program in 2013. Within this stroke‐enriched cohort, we compared agreement between the attending physician\u27s clinical diagnosis and principal ICD‐9‐CM code and determined whether disagreements varied by hospital characteristics (presence of a stroke unit, stroke team, number of hospital beds, and hospital location). For patients with a documented National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at admission, we assessed whether diagnostic agreement varied by stroke severity. Agreement was generally high (\u3e 89%); differences between the physician diagnosis and ICD‐9‐CM codes were primarily attributed to discordance between ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA), and subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage. Agreement was higher for patients in metropolitan hospitals with stroke units, stroke teams, and \u3e 200 beds (all P \u3c 0.001). Agreement was lowest (60.3%) for rural hospitals with ≤ 200 beds and without stroke units or teams. Agreement was also lower for milder (94.9%) versus more‐severe (96.4%) ischemic strokes (P \u3c 0.001). Conclusions—We identified disagreements in stroke/TIA coding by hospital characteristics and stroke severity, particularly for milder ischemic strokes. Such systematic variations in ICD‐9‐CM coding practices can affect stroke case identification in epidemiological studies and may have implications for hospital‐level quality metric

Hatchery production of the clownfish Amphiprion hrysogaster

Tropical marine aquarium fishes have demand in the international market. Clownflshes or anemonefishes are most popular among marine aquarists due to their attractive colours and interesting display of behaviour with sea anemones. A technology for the hatchery production of the clownfish, Amphiprion chrysogaster was developed for the first time in India. The broodstock maintained in the hatchery spawned frequently and methods were developedfor hatching the eggs. The hatching period was 6-7 days. A simple biological detoxifying filtration system with effective circulation was designed and fabricated for larval rearing. The larvae were fed with the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis at a concentration of 6-8 numbers per ml for the first four days. From the fifth day onwards they were fed with a mixture of B.rotundiformis and freshly hatched Artemia nauplii. The larvae metamorphosed into Juveniles in 12 to 15 days from, the day of hatching. Thejuveniles were kept in the rearing tank for one week to one month by feeding them with Moina mlcrura and then transferred to grow out tanks with sea anemones. By upscaling the present technology, large scale hatchery production of clownfish young ones could be achieved

Judicial Settlement of the account of Mary R. Goelet, George G. DeWitt and Robert Goelet

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