Comparison of model and observational data for relative sea level (RSL).

<p>Comparison of RSL predictions and Holocene RSL observational evidence obtained from sediments on three mangrove sites in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149565#pone.0149565.ref040" target="_blank">40</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149565#pone.0149565.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>; <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149565#pone.0149565.ref061" target="_blank">61</a>] with occupation timeline of Kuumbi Cave indicated. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149565#sec007" target="_blank">Methods</a> for explanation of error margins.</p

Kuumbi Cave Trench 10 stratigraphy.

<p>South section drawing based on [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149565#pone.0149565.ref044" target="_blank">44</a>], showing the occupational phases and calibrated dates before present (BP) that are linked to cultural events. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149565#pone.0149565.s001" target="_blank">S1 Appendix</a> for details of dating methods and materials, and other dates associated with sedimentary deposition.</p

Reconstruction of northern Tanzanian coast 20–6 ka.

<p>Reconstruction at 20 ka, 12 ka, 9 ka, and 6 ka of the topography of the northern Tanzanian coast in meters above Mean Sea Level (MSL) at the time under consideration, with the outline of the present-day coastline. The three largest islands are, from north to south, Pemba, Zanzibar (Unguja), and Mafia. Circles mark coring locations: red, Makoba Bay; green, Unguja Ukuu; blue, Rufiji Delta. The white diamond marks Kuumbi Cave.</p

Bone surface modifications in Kuumbi Cave Trench 10.

<p>Examples of bone surface modifications in the Trench 10 assemblage: a, biochemical pitting from soil or root bacteria; b, shallow, parallel oblique lines indicating sedimentary abrasion; c, micro-notches along the breakage plane, likely produced by a carnivore; d, overlapping cut marks and abrasion on limb bone of duiker; e-f, cut marks on limb bones of reedbuck and bushbuck, respectively.</p

Location of sites discussed in text.

<p>A: eastern African coast, showing locations of Pemba and Zanzibar (Unguja) Islands. B: Zanzibar Island, with locations of coring and archaeological sites discussed in the text.</p

Shotgun sequences for bird remains from Swahili coast archaeological sites

Shotgun sequences for bird remains from Swahili coast archaeological sites. Files that are labeled "JK" correspond to specific archaeological bone samples, each 4-digit number representing a single library: JK2992, JK3005, JK2999, JK2989, JK3002, JK2995, JK2993, JK3004, JK3003, JK2994, JK2988, JK3001, JK2990, JK3008, JK2998, JK3007, JK1996, JK3006, JK3000, JK2991, JK2997 . The other files represent extraction blanks (EBB1, EBB2) and library blanks (LBB2, LBB1). Please see supplementary data in the Prendergast et al. paper to link JK numbers to archaeological contexts

Results of biomolecular analyses.

<p>Results of biomolecular confirmation or negation of domestic chicken (<i>Gallus gallus</i>) and black rat (<i>Rattus rattus</i>) remains identified via zooarchaeological analyses. Sites: 1, Mulungu wa Mawe; 2. Panga ya Saidi; 3, Mtsengo; 4, Panga ya Mwandzumari; 5, Kwa Kipoko; 6, Panga ya Mizigo; 7, Mbuyuni; 8, Chombo; 9, Vumba Kuu; 10, Pango la Watoro; 11, Makangale Cave; 12, Ras Mkumbuu; 13, Fukuchani; 14, Unguja Ukuu; 15, Kuumbi Cave; 16, Juani Primary School; 17, Ukunju Cave; 18, Songo Mnara; 19, Nyamawi; 20, Sima; 21, Dembeni; 22, Mahilaka. Main figure made with Natural Earth (<a href="http://www.naturalearthdata.com/" target="_blank">http://www.naturalearthdata.com</a>); inset maps were hand-drawn.</p

Chronology of occurrences of non-native species.

<p>Approximate years of occupation at sites in the present study, with earliest confirmed occurrences of domestic chicken (<i>Gallus gallus</i>) and black rat (<i>Rattus rattus</i>).</p

Summary of results.

<p>Zooarchaeological and biomolecular results for the sites studied, with earliest dates for fauna confirmed via biomolecular analysis.</p

Major zones of interaction and migration.

<p>Major zones of interaction and migration on the African continent from c. 3000 BCE-1000 CE, including spreads of farming and herding, and key areas of trade. Farming and Bantu language dispersal routes follow [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0182565#pone.0182565.ref031" target="_blank">31</a>]. Earliest reported dates for two Asian taxa, black rat (<i>Rattus rattus</i>) and chicken (<i>Gallus gallus</i>), are based on published data [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0182565#pone.0182565.ref026" target="_blank">26</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0182565#pone.0182565.ref028" target="_blank">28</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0182565#pone.0182565.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0182565#pone.0182565.ref032" target="_blank">32</a>]. Made with Natural Earth (<a href="http://www.naturalearthdata.com/" target="_blank">http://www.naturalearthdata.com</a>).</p