Cooperative spectrum sensing using adaptive quantization mapping for mobile cognitive radio networks

Sparsity in spectrum is the result of spectrum underutilization. Cognitive radio (CR) technology has been proposed to address inefficiency of spectrum utilisation through dynamic spectrum access technique. CR in general allows secondary node (SN) users to access the licensed or primary users’ (PU) band without disrupting their activities. In CR cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS), a group of SNs share their spectrum sensing information to provide a better picture of the spectrum usage over the area where the SNs are located. In centralised CCS approach, all the SNs report their sensing information to a master node (MN) through a control reporting channel before the MN decides the spectrum bands that can be used by the SNs. To reduce unnecessary reporting information by the cooperating nodes, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) Subcarrier Mapping (SCM) spectrum exchange information was proposed. In this technique, the detection power level from each secondary SN user is quantized and mapped into a single OFDM subcarrier number before delivering it to the MN. Most researches in cooperative spectrum sensing often stated that the SNs are absolutely in stationary condition. So far, the mobility effect on OFDM based SCM spectrum exchange information has not been addressed before. In this thesis, the benchmarking of SCM in mobility environment is carried out. The results showed that during mobility, the performance of OFDM-based SCM spectrum exchange information degraded significantly. To alleviate the degradation, OFDM-based spectrum exchange information using adaptive quantization is proposed, which is known as Dynamic Subcarrier Mapping (DSM). The method is proposed to adapt to changes in detected power level during mobility. This new nonuniform subcarrier mapping considers the range of received power, threshold level and dynamic subcarrier width. The range of received power is first compressed or expanded depending on the intensity of the received power against a pre-determined threshold level before the OFDM subcarrier number is computed. The results showed that OFDM-based DSM spectrum exchange information is able to enhance the probability of detection for cooperative sensing by up to 43% and reduce false alarm by up to 28%. The DSM spectrum exchange information method has the potential to improve cooperative spectrum sensing for future CR mobile wireless networks

Fuzzy Logic Implementation For Incubator Prototype With Temperature And Humidity Control

Premature infant and young baby born with lowbody weight has potential to be in high risk and criticalcondition to survive. Medical equipment functioned as uterineis required, so the infant will have the similar condition as inthe womb of its mother. There is a need to control surroundingtemperature, humidity, oxygen supply, sound and light level tosupport the development of the infant's weight. Infants withlow weight have possibility to feel cold and have body heat loss.The use of additional supporting equipment such as incubatoris absolutely necessary and vital to create a stable surroundingenvironment for infant to keep the body temperature in rangeof normal and relatively constant value. In this paper, thefuzzy logic is implemented as the role of controller for anincubator equipped with temperature and humidity sensor.The propossed incubator prototype was tested in DR. SardjitoHospital, Yogyakarta Indonesia. The experiments showedprospected results to get a stable temperature and humiditywhich are suitable for premature baby

PROTOTYPE OF HOSPITAL WASTE MEASUREMENTS INTEGRATED BASED ON ISO 14001

One of the water pollution is wastewater that comes from hospitals. The surrounding community can suffer from this disease because hospital wastewater contains quite high organic compounds also contains other chemical compounds as well as pathogenic microorganisms. stabilize the pH. The levels of pH, TDS, and TSS can also be affected by the concentration of wastewater. The higher the dilution rate of the wastewater, the lower the pH, TDS, and TSS levels will also be higher. The results of the test with 4 different water media showed that the pH, TDS and TSS sensors were able to work well where in tap water and coffee showed normal results and stale tea water and betadine water is not normal. The pH, TDS, TSS sensors are able to detect normal water conditions in tap water and coffee with a pH value of 6.89 to 5.41 TDS 179.71 to 279.41 ppm and TSS 1.00 ntu to 16.00 ntu. pH, TDS, and TSS sensors are also able to detect abnormal water conditions in stale tea water and betadine water with a pH ranging from 4.24 – 4.56 TDS 246.11 ppm – 1129 ,54 ppm and TSS 7 ntu – 13 ntu. These values ​​are in accordance with the liquid waste quality standards that have been set in the regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia number 7 of 2019 concerning hospital environmental healt

FUZZY LOGIC FOR CONTROLLING SMOKE LEVEL ON SMART SMOKING ROOM

Public space is one of the facilities that need in public areas. One of the public space facilities is a special smoking room. The existing smoking room is still conventional, meaning that there is without controlling system to maintain the air condition in the rooms. This study discusses a smart system to control air levels in smoking rooms based on fuzzy logic. Fuzzy analysis is carried out with input parameters, namely temperature, air humidity, CO levels, smoke levels and output parameters are supply fans, exhaust fans, and air ionizers. Based on the results of smart smoking model test compared wit the Matlab analysis, the Mean Squared Error (MSE) value on the supply fan = 0.0640, MSE on the exhaust fan = 0.0502 and MSE on the ionizer = 0.0604. The results for the MSE value are closed to zero, its means smart smoking rooms models is works properly

Android-Based Inspection and Testing Analytical System of Electrical Safety

The process of inspection and testing of electrical safety nowadays is commonly done manually. This method has many weaknesses, one of them is the analysis result needs longer time and less accuracy. To overcome this problem, it needs an information system to inspect and to test the effectiveness of electrical safety. The purpose of this research is to design an android-based application which has function to become a tool to make electrical safety inspection and testing much easier. The parameter that will be used is administration documents checking, assessment, measurement, calculation, and testing. The android operation system is used to fasten the work process and get output that meet safety requirements. Black Box method is used to test the app and expected to fulfill the expectation and meet the goal. The result of this paper is that the app shows android-based inspection and testing system for electrical safety can be recommended for faster and accurate repor

Deteksi Kadar Alkohol Menggunakan Sensor MQ3 Berbasis Website

According to the Head of the Indonesian National Police (Kapolri) General Idham Azis, the number of deaths from accidents that occurred in 2019 reached 23,530. A total of 40% of the deaths from traffic accidents are caused by human error and the influence of alcohol. The high number of deaths from traffic accidents due to the influence of alcohol is a concern for all of us. Excessive alcohol consumption is dangerous when driving because consuming alcohol will affect a person's temperament and worsen driving behavior by reducing awareness, leading to accidents. A system that is able to detect the alcohol level of a vehicle driver that can be monitored anywhere is needed, as information to alert motorists to the influence of alcohol in order to prevent traffic accidents online and on a web-based basis. Using the MQ-3 sensor for alcohol detection and the ESP8266 processor in WeMos WiFi.  The average percentage error in the measurement of the measured sample was found to have an error value of: 3.6%. Research has also succeeded in reading alcohol levels through websites

Monitoring The Usage of Marine Fuel Oil Aboard Ketapang Gilimanuk Ship

The development of the shipping industry in Indonesia has continued to increase over the past 10 years due to the sabotage principle. This development can be seen from the increasing number of national vessels. The number of national vessels becomes wider from 6,041 units in 2005 to 24,046 units in 2016. The number of vessels makes monitoring the operational performance of the vessel difficult because each ship has different travel routes. This research made tools that can monitor the performance of ships especially the use of MFO aboard the ship. The sensors used to measure the volume of MFO in the tank on board are HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors and potentiometer pendulum sensors. The data from the sensor was processed by Arduino Uno microcontroller. This study would compare the performance of ultrasonic sensors and potentiometer pendulum sensors mounted on MFO oil premises. The study was conducted by measuring the position of the ship horizontally, right and left tilted with a slope level of 30 degrees and 45 degrees. The result of this research is that the potentiometer pendulum sensor was better when MFO surface condition was flat with the average of error sensor 1.60%, while HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor has an average of error for 2.87%. However, on the skewed surface conditions of MFO, the usage of HC - SR04 ultrasonic sensors was better with average of error for 3.21%, while the potentiometer pendulum sensor had an average of error for 8.66%

Analysis of the Carbon Emissions (Co2) Reduction in Waste Power Plants using Life Cycle Analysis

A Growth in energy demand Electricity in a city will show significant economic growth. Likewise, in the Libyan city of Sirte, economic growth per year is around 6% and with a population growth rate of around 2% per year, the city is struggling to get ahead. Thus, waste generated due to economic activities of the population also increased. While all the garbage is thrown away and not utilized. Separation of types of waste contributes to the economic potential for local governments to manage organized waste. In general, 37% of waste is disposed of in landfills, 8% of which are disposed of in organic form and put into sanitary machines that produce gas. While disposal to open areas around the world includes about 31% of waste with 19% recycled through composting and 11% burned at final disposal. The last recycled process, potentially has increased of CO emission in wasted power plant. To mitigate these situations, depth analysis of the procedure collection of the wasted power plant materials is proposed. In order to reduce carbon pollutant, life cycle analysis has been usage to measure the potential reduction of CO emission in Sirte City of Libya. The performance resuls shows that by using separation materials and life cycle analysis deployment has given significant contributions that able reducing CO emission of has reduced CO Emission. By supply of 1400 tons per day, it can be seen that the electricity production generated is 3.64 MJ which is 2.6% of the production generated from the total waste burned. With the resulting heat of 9.19 MJ, it is a total heat production of 3.7%. Of the emissions produced by the material, PVC contributed the largest contribution to pollution released from the incinerator by 57.7% compared to corrugated box / board which was only 15.2% and / or injection molding by 15.2%. By amounts of 1400 tons wasted assumption, the CO2 that can be generate based on LCA analysis is 2076.87 Kg, moreover, climate change index is equivalent to 3817.58 of CO2 (Kg). Ozon depletion has shown very wonderful grade as show -164.84, meaning that the release of CFCs into the air is significantly reduced. Low carbon index has been shown based on this results, LCA could perform best good treatment for wasted classification arranged with the LCA stage

ESTIMATION OF SOFTWARE SIZE USING FUNCTION POINT ANALYSIS ON INVENTORY INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Indicators of good software development achievements are measured measurements on all aspects of software development, including the environment and systems of software. In this paper, indicators of the complexity of web-based software developed by the waterfall method with XML language-based entity database relations. This inventory information system functions as an integrated system with other systems in an integrated information system scope. Function point analysis (FPA) is used as a measuring device that can assess the complexity of components and functions of the software developed. The measurement results show that the overall value of the FPA is 180.83, which indicates that the application of inventory information systems is easy to use with low complexity. While the results of CFP and RCAF calculations also show that this application is quite simple so it is easy to use by various groups

Spatial Diversity Impact in Mobile Quantisation Mapping for Cognitive Radio Networks

Mobile environment especially spatial diversity in spectrum exchange information in cognitive radio networks is an interesting topic for further investigation. Most of the cognitive radio researchers does not consider the spatial diversity of sensing nodes. However, the mobility of the SNs within PU’s coverage area is heavily influencing the detection performance on local observation of energy signals. The movement of the SNs creates spatial diversity in the observation of the PU’s signal. Due to the movement, spatial distance, velocity, Doppler Effect and geo-location information, the signals condition would fluctuate during the sensing process. Spatial diversity also reduces the average received signal strength and must be compensated by detection signal method which appropriate with the signal conditions.  Therefore, it is need to find a comprehensive solution to overcome the effects of spatial diversity. Moreover, this research could give a clearly analysis in spectrum exchange information regarding detection performance for cognitive radio networks. Finally, the cooperation overhead due to spatial diversity effects in master node station could reduce and increased the detection performance of PU’s spectrum hole channels