Agnathia-synotia-microstomia (otocephaly): a case report in an African woman

A journal article on a "defective pregnancy" in an African woman.Pharyngeal arches appear in the 4th and 5th weeks of development of the human embryo. The Is1 pharyngeal arch develops into the incus and malleus, premaxilla, maxilla, zygomatic bone; part of the temporal bone, the mandible and it contributes to the formation of bones of the middle ear. The musculature of the 1st pharyngeal arch includes muscles of mastication, anterior belly of the digastric mylohyoid, tensor tympani and tensor palatini.1 The second pharyngeal arch gives rise to the stapes, styloid process of the temporal bone, stylohyoid ligament, the lesser horn and upper part of the body of the hyoid bone. The stapedius muscle, stylohyoid, posterior belly of the digastric, auricular and muscles of facial expressional all derive from the 2nd pharyngeal arch. Otocephaly has been classified as a defect of blastogenesis, with structural defects primarily involving the first and second branchial arch derivatives. It may also result in dysmorphogenesis of other midline craniofacial field structures, such as the forebrain and axial body structures

Inappropriate use of promethazine and promethazine-containing products in children under the age of three years in Harare, Zimbabwe

A journal article on Inappropriate use of Promethazine and Promethazine-containing products in children under the age of three years in Zimbabwe.In Zimbabwe, promethazine, Stopayne® and Goldgesic® syrups are classified as pharmacy drugs (P) by the Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ). A pharmacy drug, according to the Medicines and Allied Substances Control Act (1991),8 is a medicine that is to be sold only, by a pharmacist, any person under the continuous personal supervision of a pharmacist, from licensed pharmacies or by a wholesale dealer with a valid wholesale dealer's permit. Promethazine, Stopayne® and Goldgesic® syrups are available over-the-counter (OTC), without need for a prescription

Meat quality of weaner steers adapted to a diet containing potassium humate in the feedlot

The objective of the study was to determine the meat quality responses of weaner steers fed diets containing potassium humate (PH) in a feedlot. Twenty-two yearling male steers were randomly allocated to two treatments: control (n = 11), fed a standard feedlot diet and PH (n = 11), fed a standard diet with added PH (5.8g/kg feed). The steers were housed in individual stanchions, with each steer as the experimental unit. At the end of the feeding trial at Day 112, the steers were slaughtered and the m. longissimus thoracic et lumborum muscle was sampled for meat quality measurements. Results of the study showed that diet had no effect on carcass characteristics and meat quality measurements, apart from meat pH and shear force values. Meat pH decline was more pronounced in the control group and higher shear force values were observed in the control group (6.58 and 4.91 kg) than the PH group (5.12 and 4.14 kg) at Day 1 and Day 7 of measurement respectively. The total intramuscular fat (IMF) was higher (by 16%) in the PH- fed weaner steers compared with the control. With regard to saturated fatty acids (SFA), higher amounts of myristic acid and heneicosanoic acid were observed in the PH-fed steers than in the control. However, the control had higher amounts of eicosatrienoic acid and eicosatetraenoic acid. PH inclusion in steer diets could therefore provide an alternative growth promotant in the production of safe and healthier meat in the feedlot.Keywords: Carcass characteristics, fatty acids, nutritional indices, shear forc

Effect of parity on the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of milk from Nguni cattle grazing on natural pastures

The objective of the study is to establish the effect of parity on milk composition and fatty acid profiles of Nguni cattle milk. Forty-four Nguni cows with parities ranging from 1 to 13 were included in this study. The cows were grouped to three parity groups: parity group 1 (parity 1 to 5), parity group 2 (parity 6 to 9) and parity group 3 (parity 10 to 13). Samples of the milk were collected in a single day and the milk was analyzed using gas chromatography. Parity had no effect of proximate composition (fat,DMC and moisture %) on milk. The fatty acids (FA) present in the milk of the three parity groups were primarily palmitic (33.3 to 40.5%), oleic (16.3 to 20.3%), myristic (12.5 to 13.2%) and stearic (10.8 to 11.7%) acids, in decreasing order of proportion. Milk from parity group 3 cows contained significantly (p < 0.05) higher proportions of butyric, myristoleic, oleic, eicosenoic, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), arachidonic and eicosopentaenoic acids when compared with the other two parity groups. Parity group 3 also had significantly (p < 0.05) higher values for total SFA, MUFA, PUFA, omega 3 fatty acids and n-6/n-3 ratio than the other two parity groups. Cows in higher parities generally have higher values forindividual fatty acids when compared to those in lower parities. Parity is therefore, an important factor that must be considered when assessing milk quality in Nguni cows.Key words: Conjugated linoleic acid, fat content, harsh environment, fatty acid profile, milk composition

Antioxidant properties, protein binding capacity and mineral contents of some plants traditionally used in the management of animal wounds

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Agnathia-Synotia-Microstomia (Otocephaly): A case report in an African woman

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Inappropiate use of Promethazine and Promethazine-containing products in children under the age of three years in Harare, Zimbabwe

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Price and availability survey of essential medicines in the Harare province, Zimbabwe

Background: Access to essential medicines is both a fundamental basic right and necessity for everyone, thus concerted efforts should be made to ensure universal access to safe, quality and effective medicines.Objectives: To determine prices, sources and availability of essential medicines (their innovator and/or generic equivalents) in both private retail and public pharmacies.Setting: Private and public sector retail pharmacies in Harare metropolitan province, Zimbabwe.Materials and Methods: Forty medicines were selected for the survey. A standardised methodology developed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International (WHO/HAI) was used to survey the selected medicines. The survey was conducted in 110 private pharmacies and the two central hospital pharmacies in Harare. Prices were compared with International Reference Prices (IRPs).Results: In both sectors, availability of the selected medicines (Low Priced Generics) was high (>80%). Fewer innovator brands were found for the selected medicines. Median Price Ratios (MPR) of Lowest Priced Generics (LPG) showed better access to essential medicines is hindered by the high prices obtaining in the private sector (with median MPR of 4.52). The public sector showed significant progress towards procurement efficiency (median MPR of 1.5). More than 70% of the surveyed medicines were from manufacturers outside Zimbabwe with more than 60% from Indian generic manufacturers.Conclusion: Accessibility of essential medicines from private retail pharmacies in Harare, Zimbabwe is poor due to the high prices of these medicines as compared to public pharmacies. Promoting local production of essential medicines is necessary as it may be one of the practical ways of increasing access to quality, safe and effective medicine

The effects of Lippia javanica dietary inclusion on growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid profiles of broiler chickens

This study was conducted to determine the effect of inclusion of fever tea (Lippia javanica) leaf meal in broiler diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid (FA) profiles over a 42-day feeding period. One hundred and eighty, one-day-old, broiler chicks were randomly allocated to the following four treatments: 1) negative control (commercial broiler diet only [Negcontrol]); 2) positive control (commercial broiler diet + prophylactic antibiotics [Poscontrol]); 3) commercial broiler diet without prophylactic antibiotics + 5 g of L. javanica per kg of feed (Ljav5) and 4) commercial broiler diet without prophylactic antibiotics + 12 g of L. javanica per kg of feed (Ljav12). Body weights (BW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded weekly and used to calculate feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average daily weight gain (ADG). At the end of the trial (day 42), all chickens were slaughtered at a local commercial abattoir for assessment of carcass characteristics and FA profiles of meat. The broilers fed L. javanica had significantly (P < 0.05) lower FI compared with the other two groups. However, the broilers in the Poscontrol and Ljav5 treatment groups had higher (P < 0.05) ADG, lower FCR and higher slaughter weights. L. javanica inclusion had no effect on the breast weight, thigh weight, carcass weight, and dressing percentage of the broilers. Most of the n-3 FA were not affected by diets except for the docosapentaenoic, which was found to be higher (P < 0.05) in the Ljav12 treatment group and the lowest in the Negcontrol. The broilers in the Negcontrol and Poscontrol groups had higher (P < 0.05) total saturated fatty acids (SFA). On the contrary, the L. javanica fed broilers had higher (P < 0.05) total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), total n-3 FA and PUFA:SFA ratio and also had significantly lower n-6:n-3 ratios compared with the other two treatment groups. No differences were observed with regards to total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and total n-6 FA. Overall, the findings from the study showed that inclusion of L. javanica in broiler diets at 5 g/kg feed has positive influences on growth performance, carcass characteristics and FA profiles of broiler meat

Effect of dietary supplementation with Acacia karroo leaves on fatty acid profiles and consumer sensory attributes of Xhosa lop-eared goats under artificial haemonchosis

AgriwetenskappeVeekundige WetenskappePlease help us populate SUNScholar with the post print version of this article. It can be e-mailed to: [email protected]