Philippe Jaccottet : le souffle et le chant de l’absence

Cet article traite de la problématique de l’absence et de sa figuration dans l’oeuvre de Philippe Jaccottet sous l’inspiration philosophique et psychanalytique, à partir du motif du souffle que le poète privilégie dans les années soixante, notamment dans quelques poèmes, notes et textes en prose. Le souffle comme principe animateur mis en valeur par la tradition mystique, religieuse et philosophique est doté d’une signification autre chez les poètes contemporains comme Jaccottet, Celan ou Du Bouchet : support inaperçu de la voix et de l’écriture, il donne forme au vide et au silence. Imperceptible et invisible, ce motif représente le cliché du sujet « je » en retrait sur la scène énonciative, voire celui de Dieu s’absentant du monde, condamnant les poètes au désoeuvrement. Il hante ces paysages avec figures absentes comme le spectre du Dieu de la religion et de la métaphysique. Dans les textes en prose, le souffle assure l’échange intime entre le corps du dedans et l’air ambiant, entre le moi et le non-moi, voire entre le passé et le présent, menant le poète à une sorte d’inconscient cosmique, de rêve de fusion avec l’extérieur — que semblent également indiquer l’Empédocle hölderlinien ou l’Ouvert rilkéen. Il s’agit d’un oubli de soi ek-statique, moment que Jaccottet a aussi appelé « l’expérience poétique », dont une des reliques serait le contact avec la puissance du chant pouvant encore insuffler l’âme et réunifier le corps, dont le pouvoir est dit transformer l’invisible en le visible, faire articuler le rythme à la figure. La proximité de la poésie avec la musique est repensée à leur origine : appel d’un absent à l’aide d’un souffle et d’un amplificateur, et dont la voix traverse l’espace et atteint l’autre. Ainsi, le chant poétique tente de convertir le deuil du divin et des mystères en l’amorce d’un concert de vocables et de cadences, comme semble en témoigner la démarche même de Jaccottet.This article proposes to explore the important problem of absence and its representation in the works of Swiss poet Philippe Jaccottet from a viewpoint inspired by philosophical and psychoanalytic approaches, focusing first on the theme of breath, frequently used by the poet in the 1960’s, especially in some poems, notes and prose works. The life-giving role of breath emphasized by the mystic, religious and philosophical tradition has another meaning for the contemporary poets like Jaccottet (or Du Bouchet, Celan, etc.): unnoticed support of voice and writing, somehow modeling emptiness and silence. Imperceptible and invisible, this motif represents the negative of the subject I withdraw from the enunciative scene, or even that of the deity absent from the world, destining poets to idleness. The breath haunts his Landscapes with absent figures like a ghost of the God of religion or metaphysics. In the prose works of Jaccottet, breath assures an intimate exchange between the inside body and the surrounding air, I and not-I, even the past and the present, leading the poet to a sort of cosmic unconsciousness or a desired fusion with the external world—an experience analogous to that of Hölderlin’s Empedocles or Das Offne (aperture) of Rilke. That is also a moment of ek-stacy Jaccottet once called “the poetic experience’’, and one of its relics is contact with the power of the singing voice, which inspires the soul and rejoins the fragmented body, thereby changing the invisible into the visible, and giving form to rhythm. The close relationship of poetry to music is reconsidered at their very origin: the call of an absentee with breath passing through an amplifier whose sound traverses space and attains the other. Thus the poetry-song tries to convert the mourning of gods and of mysteries into the beginning of the concert of syllables and of cadence, as this poet’s process of writing attests

Factors influencing response to treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

We analyzed 150 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis from 1990 to 1996 (i) to evaluate the frequency of drug resistance, (ii) to elucidate factors influencing the response to chemotherapy, and (iii) to attempt to improve the therapeutic approach. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains were not found. By univariate analysis, there were 8 factors associated with an increased sputum conversion time: male gender, prior treatment, complications, progressive chest radiographic findings, a high Ziehl-Neelsen stain score, lymphocytopenia, a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and hypoproteinemia. Complications, prior treatment, a high Ziehl-Neelsen stain score, and a high ESR were independent predictive factors in a Cox proportional hazard model. Recursive partitioning and amalgamation (RPA) defined 3 subgroups that responded to treatment. In order to reduce the time to sputum conversion, poor responders according to the RPA should be treated with a 4-drug regimen containing pyrazinamide.</p

Local Hyper-unemployment in China : Their Causes and Remedies

中国は年率9%以上の高度成長を続けてきた割には都市部の失業率は5%前後と高い。中国の失業問題は全国で平均的に起きているのではなく、産業構造の転換のなかで不況に陥った都市で大量の失業者が発生し、彼らがなかなか再就職できないことによって、失業が特定地域で慢性化している。本稿ではこうした見方を裏付けるために、2000年と2010年の人口センサスのデータを用いて各地域の産業構造の特徴と失業率の関係を検証した。その結果、鉱業または製造業に依存し、産業の多様性に乏しい地域で失業率が高いことがわかった。そうした地域の代表例として国有炭鉱に依存してきた遼寧省阜新市が挙げられる。阜新市では国有炭鉱で資源が枯渇し、それに伴う大量の解雇によって深刻な失業問題が発生した。市政府は産業の振興によって就業を回復する努力を続けているがなかなか高失業から抜け出せない。小売業や自営業、地方政府の失業対策事業によって失業率はある程度低下したが、失業問題は慢性化しており、有効な打開策は見えない。Notwithstanding China’s rapid economic growth, its recent urban unemployment rate remains at a relatively high level—around 5 percent. The main reason for this is the chronic hyper-unemployment problems at some cities which fell into stagnation caused by the change in the industrial structure. Using the population census of 2000 and 2010, this study examines the relationship between local unemployment rate and its industrial structure. It finds that localities which depend heavily on mining or manufacturing and lack the diversity of industries tend to have high unemployment rates. An example of such localities is Fuxin, Liaoning Province, which has heavily depended on a state-owned coal mine. The depletion of coal brought about very serious unemployment in the city. The municipal government has tried to relieve unemployment by developing new industries, but so far the unemployment rate has remained at a very high level.特集　中国の地域経済問

The Spatial Distribution of Industrial Clusters in Zhejiang and Guangdong Provinces, China

中国のめざましい産業発展のなかである地域が特定の産業に特化し，地域内で密接な企業間分業が形成される産業集積が各地に誕生している．そうした産業集積のなかには外資系企業の大きな工場のネットワークが複数の市にまたがる形で形成されるものもあれば，一つの鎮のなかで主に内資の民間企業によって形成されるものもある．特に中国の内発的発展を示す後者に対する研究上の関心は従来から高かったが，これまでは研究対象は地方や業界のなかでの評判をもとに恣意的に選択されてきたため，研究対象となった産業集積が中国の産業集積の全体像のなかでどの程度の重要性を持つものなのか判断しにくかった．本稿は2004 年に実施された第１回経済センサスのデータをもとに，「鎮」レベルの小さな地理的範囲に存在し，特定の細かい産業に特化した産業集積の姿を初めて客観的データから確認した．本稿はこの分析手法により中国で産業集積が最も多数あると目される浙江省と広東省の産業集積の全体像をとらえることを試みた．Along with the rapid industrial development of China, many industrial clusters whichare specialized in a specific industry have emerged in various parts of the country. Someof such clusters, which are formed by the network of large workshops of multinationalenterprises, may be distributed over several provinces, but many others are concentratedin one or a few townships and formed by domestic private firms. The latter type has attracted the interests of many scholars because it represents the spontaneous development of Chinese industry. However, lacking a general map of industrial clusters, literature has selected the object of in-depth case studies of industrial clusters quite arbitrarily, without knowing the relative importance of each cluster within the Chinese industrial landscape as a whole. With the geographical information data of the 1st Economic Census, conducted in 2004, we can now detect the existence of industrial clusters which exist at the township level. This study is an attempt to draw general maps of industrial clusters in Zhejiang and Guangdong Provinces, which are believed to have the largest number of industrial clusters in China.特集　中国沿海部の産業集