Inflammatory response of rat pulmonary endothelial cells to fluid formulations or components and subsequent stimulation.

<p>Levels of the inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 (Fig 5A and 5B) and CINC-1 (Fig 5C and 5D) after exposure to fluid formulations (RL, HES balanced and HES saline, Fig 5A and 5C) and anions present in balanced solutions (5B and 5D). Results are presented as boxplot figures with medians and quartiles. Whiskers represent 5% and 95% confidence intervals.</p

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<p>Influence of CLP and different fluid resuscitation procedures on inflammatory mediator expression (mRNA) in kidneys.</p

Influence of specific solution components on inflammatory mediator secretion of rat endothelial cells.

<p>Influence of specific solution components on inflammatory mediator secretion of rat endothelial cells.</p

Influence of different fluid resuscitation procedures on excretion of creatinine and α-microglobuline in urine.

<p>Influence of different fluid resuscitation procedures on excretion of creatinine and α-microglobuline in urine.</p

Creatinine and α-microglobuline concentration in urine.

<p>Kidney function was assessed by creatinine (Fig 3A) and α-microglobuline (Fig 3B). Results are presented as boxplot figures with medians and quartiles. Whiskers represent 5% and 95% confidence intervals.</p

Inflammatory mediator expression (mRNA) in liver tissue.

<p>Relative mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 (Fig 4A), CINC-1 (Fig 4B), TNF-α (Fig 4C) and ICAM-1 (Fig 4D) are shown. Results are presented as boxplot figures with medians and quartiles. Whiskers represent 5% and 95% confidence intervals.</p

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<p>The table shows B coefficients (95% confidence intervals) of the linear regression. Animals which received solely Ringers' lactate were used as reference group. mRNA expression is expressed as a fold-difference relative to the reference group. The different fluid ingredients (HES, gelatin, and acetate buffer) were entered as binary independent predictors in the regression model. Significance: ^ap≤0.001, ^bp≤0.01, ^cp<0.05; CINC-1  =  cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1; MCP-1  =  monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; TNFα  =  tumor necrosis factor α; ICAM-1  =  intercellular adhesion molecule-1.</p

Inflammatory mediator expression (mRNA) in kidney tissue.

<p>Relative mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 (Fig 2A), CINC-1 (Fig 2B), TNF-α (Fig 2C), and ICAM-1 (Fig 2D) are shown. Results are presented as boxplot figures with medians and quartiles. Whiskers represent 5% and 95% confidence intervals.</p

Influence of different fluid solutions inflammatory mediator secretion (protein) of rat endothelial cells.

<p>Influence of different fluid solutions inflammatory mediator secretion (protein) of rat endothelial cells.</p

Experimental setting.

<p>Fig 1A gives an overview of the experimental animal setting and time line, Fig 1B displays the <i>in vitro</i> setup.</p