Structural modelling and testing of failed high energy pipe runs: 2D and 3D pipe whip

Copyright @ 2011 ElsevierThe sudden rupture of a high energy piping system is a safety-related issue and has been the subject of extensive study and discussed in several industrial reports (e.g. [2], [3] and [4]). The dynamic plastic response of the deforming pipe segment under the blow-down force of the escaping liquid is termed pipe whip. Because of the potential damage that such an event could cause, various geometric and kinematic features of this phenomenon have been modelled from the point of view of dynamic structural plasticity. After a comprehensive summary of the behaviour of in-plane deformation of pipe runs [9] and [10] that deform in 2D in a plane, the more complicated case of 3D out-of-plane deformation is discussed. Both experimental studies and modelling using analytical and FE methods have been carried out and they show that, for a good estimate of the “hazard zone” when unconstrained pipe whip motion could occur, a large displacement analysis is essential. The classical, rigid plastic, small deflection analysis (e.g. see [2] and [8]), is valid for estimating the initial failure mechanisms, however it is insufficient for describing the details and consequences of large deflection behaviour

An analytic model for redshift-space distortions

Understanding the formation and evolution of large-scale structure is a central problem in cosmology and enables precise tests of General Relativity on cosmological scales and constraints on dark energy. An essential ingredient is an accurate description of the pairwise velocities of biased tracers of the matter field. In this paper we compute the first and second moments of the pairwise velocity distribution by extending the Convolution Lagrangian Perturbation theory (CLPT) formalism of Carlson et al. (2012). Our predictions outperform standard perturbation theory calculations in many cases when compared to statistics measured in N-body simulations. We combine the CLPT predictions of real-space clustering and velocity statistics in the Gaussian streaming model of Reid & White (2011) to obtain predictions for the monopole and quadrupole correlation functions accurate to 2 and 4 per cent respectively down to <25Mpc/h for halos hosting the massive galaxies observed by SDSS-III BOSS. We also discuss contours of the 2D correlation function and clustering "wedges". We generalize the scheme to cross-correlation functions.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures. Minor modifications to match version accepted by MNRA

Shaping the future for primary care education and training project. Integrated health and social care: the perspectives of people using services: a mixed methods analysis

The aim of this study was to explore service users' perspectives concerning integrated health & social care, and to identify the perceived strengths and weaknesses associated with the current workforce and services provided. The findings will be used to inform the education and training of the health and social care workforce in the North West of Englan

Trivalent scandium, yttrium and lanthanide complexes with thia-oxa and selena-oxa macrocycles and crown ether coordination

Complexes of the oxa-thia macrocycles [18]aneO4S2, [15]aneO3S2 and the oxa-selena macrocycle [18]aneO4Se2 (L) of types [MCl2(L)]FeCl4 (M = Sc or Y) were prepared from [ScCl3(thf)3] or [YCl2(THF)5][YCl4(THF)2] and the ligand in anhydrous MeCN, using FeCl3 as a chloride abstractor. The [MI2(L)]I, [LaI3(L)] and [LuI2(L)]I have been prepared from the ligands and the appropriate anhydrous metal triiodide in MeCN. Complexes of type [LaI3(crown)] and [LuI2(crown)]I (crown = 18-crown-6, 15-crown-5) were made for comparison. Use of the metal iodide results in complexes with high solubility compared to the corresponding chlorides, although also with increased sensitivity to moisture. All complexes were characterised by microanalysis, IR, (1)H, (45)Sc and (77)Se NMR spectroscopy as appropriate. X-ray crystal structures are reported for [ScCl2([18]aneO4S2)][FeCl4], [ScI2([18]aneO4S2)]I, [YCl2(18-crown-6)]3[Y2Cl9], [YCl2([18]aneO4S2)][FeCl4], [LaI3(15-crown-5)], [LaI2(18-crown-6)(MeCN)]I, [LuI(18-crown-6)(MeCN)2]I2, [Lu(15-crown-5)(MeCN)2(OH2)]I3, [LaI3([18]aneO4S2)], [LaI([18]aneO4S2)(OH2)]I2, [LaI3([18]aneO4Se2)] and [LuI2([18]aneO4Se2)]I. In each complex all the neutral donor atoms of the macrocycles are coordinated to the metal centre, showing very rare examples of these oxophilic metal centres coordinated to thioether groups, and the first examples of coordinated selenoether donors. In some cases MeCN or adventitious water displaces halide ligands, but not the S/Se donors from La or Lu complexes. A complex of the oxa-tellura macrocycle [18]aneO4Te2, [ScCl2([18]aneO4Te2)][FeCl4] was isolated, but is unstable in MeCN solution, depositing elemental Te. YCl3 and 18-crown-6 produced [YCl2(18-crown-6)]3[Y2Cl9], the asymmetric unit of which contains two cations with a trans-YCl2 arrangement and a third with a cis-YCl2 group

Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationThe explosion in computing power and its application to complex multiphysics problems has led to the emergence of computer simulation as a new way of extending the inductive methods of science. Many fields, particularly combustion, have been greatly changed by the ability of simulation to explore in great detail the implications of theories. But problems have also arisen; a philosophical foundation for establishing belief in simulation predictions, particularly important for complex multiphysics systems where experimental data are sparse, is sorely lacking. Toward the end of establishing such a foundation, a comprehensive philosophical approach to model validation, called instrumentalism, is proposed. A framework for verification and validation/uncertainty quantification (V&V/UQ) of codes is presented in detail, and is applied to a novel entrained flow coal gasification model implemented in the massively parallel simulation tool Arches. The V&V/UQ process begins at the mathematical model. The novel coal gasification model, which utilizes the direct quadrature method of moments (DQMOM) for the solid phase and large eddy simulation (LES) for the gas phase and accounts for coupling between the gas and solid phases, is described in detail. A verification methodology is presented in the larger context of validation and uncertainty quantification, and applied to the Arches coal gasification model. A six-step validation framework is adopted from the literature and applied to the validation of the Arches gasification model. One important aspect of this framework is model reduction, creating surrogate models for complex and expensive multiphysics simulators. A procedure for constructing surrogate response surface models is applied to the Arches gasification model, with several statistical analysis techniques used to determine the goodness of fit of the coal gasification response surface. This response surface is then analyzed using two methods: the Data Collaboration methodology, an approach from the literature; and a Monte Carlo analysis of the response surface. These analyses elucidate regions of parameter space where the simulation tool makes valid predictions. The Monte Carlo analysis also yields probabilities of simulation validity, given input parameter values. These probabilities are used to construct a prediction interval, which can then be used to compute the probability of a consistent simulation prediction

Simple basal meningitis in children

Simple Basal Meningitis defines itself as regards its position, though it might be more correct to describe it, as is sometimes done, as Posterior Basic Meningitis, for it is invariably met with at the posterior part of the bases of the brain, at the junction of the cerebellum with the medulla, and in the interpeduncular space. It is named "simple" in contra distinction to the tuberculous variety also affecting the base of the brain.In this thesis, I have included only cases which have been proved either by bacteriological examination to be due to the diplococcus of Still, or where from a clinical evidence, one may conclude that such was the cause. Pneumo- coccal and meningitis secondary to suppurating conditions, I have not included. The cases to be tabulated later have all been culled from the records of the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, and comprise those that were admitted to that hospital during the years 1900, 1901 and 1902

Excess mortality in the Glasgow conurbation: exploring the existence of a Glasgow effect

Introduction There exists a ‘Scottish effect’, a residue of excess mortality that remains for Scotland relative to England and Wales after standardising for age, sex and local area deprivation status. This residue is largest for the most deprived segments of the Scottish population. Most Scottish areas that can be classified as deprived are located in West Central Scotland and, in particular, the City of Glasgow. Therefore the central aim of this thesis is to establish the existence of a similar ‘Glasgow effect’ and identify if the relationship between deprivation and all cause mortality is different in Glasgow to what is in other, comparable cities in the UK. Methods A method to compare the deprivation status of several UK cities was devised using the deprivation score first calculated by Carstairs and Morris. The population of mainland UK was broken into deciles according to the Carstairs score of Scottish postcode sectors and English wards. Deprivation profiles for particular cities were drawn according to the percentage of the local population that lived in each Carstairs decile. Using data from the three censuses since 1981, longitudinal trends in relative deprivation status for each city could be observed. Analysis of death rates in cities was also undertaken. Two methods were used to compare death rates in cities. Indirect standardisation was used to compare death rates adjusting for the categorical variables of age group, sex and Carstairs decile of postcode sector or ward of residence. Negative binomial models of death counts in small areas using local population as the exposure variable were also created; such models allow the calculation of SMRs with adjustment for continuous variables. Covariates used in these models included city of residence, age group, sex, Carstairs z-score and also the z-scores for each of the four variables from which the Carstairs score is comprised (lack of car ownership, low social class, household overcrowding and unemployment). Results The deprivation profiles confirmed that all UK cities have a high proportion of deprived residents, although some cities have far higher proportions than others. Some cities appeared to show relative improvement in deprivation status over time whilst others seemed resistant to change. Glasgow was the most deprived city at all census time points and the Clydeside conurbation was also more deprived than all other conurbations. SMRs calculated by indirect standardisation indicated that many cities have excess mortality compared to the whole of the UK when adjusting for age group and sex only. Three cities, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester, had SMRs that were significantly higher than all other cities at every census time point. Adjusting SMRs for Carstairs deprivation decile diminished the magnitude of this excess mortality in most cities. However, adjusting for Carstairs decile did not diminish the excess mortality in Glasgow sufficiently and there remained a significant, unexplained residue of excess mortality in Glasgow. SMRs generated by regression models adjusting for continuous variables were able to reduce the size of the excess mortality in most cities, though the model producing the lowest SMR varied from place to place and from time to time. In Glasgow, a regression model including age group, sex and lack of car ownership as covariates explained most of the excess mortality at all three time points. Discussion and Conclusion The relationship between deprivation (as measured by the Carstairs index) and death rates in Glasgow did appear to be different to other cities, and there seems to be evidence of a Glasgow effect. There are several reasons why this might be the case, including; the Glasgow effect may be apparent rather than real – an artefact of the Carstairs measure of deprivation failing to capture the complex nature of multiple deprivation; The effect may be the result of migration patterns to and from the city; the effect may be the result of historical levels of deprivation; or the effect may result from different behavioural patterns among Glasgow residents compared to residents of other UK cities. In conclusion, the results show that continued efforts by public health professionals, politicians and residents have failed to produce a step change in the city’s relative health status and Glasgow continues to lag some way behind other cities in the UK. The ability of the Carstairs measure to describe multiple deprivation is called into question. Future research should focus on identifying specific causes of mortality that contribute to the Glasgow effect; on qualitative work to identify if there is a distinct set of social norms in deprived neighbourhoods of Glasgow that contribute to unhealthy patterns of behaviour; and on creating a deprivation index that can be used on equivalent units of geographical area in both Scotland and England