Development of emergency medicine in Rwanda

AbstractRwanda, known as the “Land of a Thousand Hills,” is a small, East African country that was the site of the devastating 1994 genocide. In the past 18years, this post-conflict country has made tremendous progress in rebuilding itself and its health infrastructure. The country has recovered or surpassed many of its pre-1994 health levels, including reduction in HIV/AIDS prevalence, under-five mortality and road traffic accidents. Nevertheless, Rwanda continues to face a high burden of disease. The leading causes of mortality in Rwanda include complications of HIV/AIDS and related opportunistic infections, severe malaria, pulmonary infections, and trauma, and are best managed with emergency and acute care services. However, health care personal resources remain significantly lacking, and there is currently no emergency medicine-trained workforce.The Rwandan government, partnering with international organizations, has launched a campaign to improve human resources for health, and as a part of that effort the creation of training programs in emergency medicine is now underway. The Rwandan Human Resources for Health program can serve as a guide to the development of similar programs within other African countries. The emergency medicine component of this program includes two tracks: a 2-year postgraduate diploma course, followed by a 3-year Masters of Medicine in Emergency Medicine. The program is slated to graduate its first cohort of trained Emergency Physicians in 2017

Identifying, Prioritizing and Visually Mapping Barriers to Injury Care in Rwanda: A Multi-disciplinary Stakeholder Exercise.

BACKGROUND: Whilst injuries are a major cause of disability and death worldwide, a large proportion of people in low- and middle-income countries lack timely access to injury care. Barriers to accessing care from the point of injury to return to function have not been delineated. METHODS: A two-day workshop was held in Kigali, Rwanda in May 2019 with representation from health providers, academia, and government. A four delays model (delays to seeking, reaching, receiving, and remaining in care) was applied to injury care. Participants identified barriers at each delay and graded, through consensus, their relative importance. Following an iterative voting process, the four highest priority barriers were identified. Based on workshop findings and a scoping review, a map was created to visually represent injury care access as a complex health-system problem. RESULTS: Initially, 42 barriers were identified by the 34 participants. 19 barriers across all four delays were assigned high priority; highest-priority barriers were "Training and retention of specialist staff", "Health education/awareness of injury severity", "Geographical coverage of referral trauma centres", and "Lack of protocol for bypass to referral centres". The literature review identified evidence relating to 14 of 19 high-priority barriers. Most barriers were mapped to more than one of the four delays, visually represented in a complex health-system map. CONCLUSION: Overcoming barriers to ensure access to quality injury care requires a multifaceted approach which considers the whole patient journey from injury to rehabilitation. Our results can guide researchers and policymakers planning future interventions

Age-dependent acquisition of IgG antibodies to Shigella serotypes—a retrospective analysis of seroprevalence in Kenyan children with implications for infant vaccination

BackgroundShigellosis mainly affects children under 5 years of age living in low- and middle-income countries, who are the target population for vaccination. There are, however, limited data available to define the appropriate timing for vaccine administration in this age group. Information on antibody responses following natural infection, proxy for exposure, could help guide vaccination strategies.MethodsWe undertook a retrospective analysis of antibodies to five of the most prevalent Shigella serotypes among children aged <5 years in Kenya. Serum samples from a cross-sectional serosurvey in three Kenyan sites (Nairobi, Siaya, and Kilifi) were analyzed by standardized ELISA to measure IgG against Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri 1b, 2a, 3a, and 6. We identified factors associated with seropositivity to each Shigella serotype, including seropositivity to other Shigella serotypes.ResultsA total of 474 samples, one for each participant, were analyzed: Nairobi (n = 169), Siaya (n = 185), and Kilifi (n = 120). The median age of the participants was 13.4 months (IQR 7.0–35.6), and the male:female ratio was 1:1. Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) for each serotype increased with age, mostly in the second year of life. The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibodies increased with age except for S. flexneri 6 which was high across all age subgroups. In the second year of life, there was a statistically significant increase of antibody GMCs against all five serotypes (p = 0.01–0.0001) and a significant increase of seroprevalence for S. flexneri 2a (p = 0.006), S. flexneri 3a (p = 0.006), and S. sonnei (p = 0.05) compared with the second part of the first year of life. Among all possible pairwise comparisons of antibody seropositivity, there was a significant association between S. flexneri 1b and 2a (OR = 6.75, 95% CI 3–14, p < 0.001) and between S. flexneri 1b and 3a (OR = 23.85, 95% CI 11–54, p < 0.001).ConclusionChildren living in low- and middle-income settings such as Kenya are exposed to Shigella infection starting from the first year of life and acquire serotype-specific antibodies against multiple serotypes. The data from this study suggest that Shigella vaccination should be targeted to infants, ideally at 6 or at least 9 months of age, to ensure children are protected in the second year of life when exposure significantly increases

Pediatric intestinal obstruction: analysis of etiologies and factors influencing short-term outcomes in Rwanda

peer reviewedBackgroundIntestinal obstruction is a common presentation in pediatric surgical emergencies and presents with different etiologies depending on country or region. Its morbidity and mortality are high in low-income and middle-income countries, with variable influencing factors. The aims of this study were to determine the etiologies, morbidity and mortality of pediatric intestinal obstruction and to assess the factors associated with the outcomes of these conditions in Rwanda.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted on pediatric patients with intestinal obstruction in two Rwandan university teaching hospitals. The patients were followed from admission until discharge, and we documented their basic characteristics, diagnosis, operative details and postoperative outcomes. Data were collected using data collection form and were electronically captured and analysed using SPSS software.ResultsA total of 65 patients were enrolled in this study. They were predominantly male (n=49, 75.4%), and the majority of patients (86.2%) were below age 6 years. Intussusception was the most common etiology (n=22, 33.8%). Other common etiologies were Hirschsprung’s disease (n=13, 20%), incarcerated inguinal and umbilical hernias (n=6, 9.2%), intestinal worms’ impaction (n=5, 7.7%) and adhesions (n=5, 7.7%). Mortality and morbidity were 9.2% and 39.7%, respectively. The most common complications were surgical site infection (n=6, 9.5%) and sepsis (n=6, 9.5%). Preoperative anemia (p=0.001), finding of gangrenous bowels (p=0.003) and bowel resection at the time of laparotomy (p=0.039) were factors associated with postoperative complications.ConclusionsThe etiologies of intestinal obstruction are variable and common in children below 6 years in Rwanda. The associated morbidly is high and is influenced by the preoperative anemia, finding of gangrenous bowels and bowel resection

Exploring Laparoscopic Surgery Training Opportunities in the College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa region.

peer reviewed[en] OBJECTIVE: The resource-limited environment in Sub-Saharan countries, with a lack of expert trainers, impedes the progress of laparoscopic training. This study aimed to identify the opportunities and limitations of laparoscopic surgery training in the College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa (COSECSA) countries. DESIGN AND SETTING: A multicountry online survey was conducted from January 2021 to October 2021 in COSECSA-accredited training hospitals within 16 countries. Available resources and challenges faced in order to set up well-structured laparoscopic training programs were explored. RESULTS: Ninety-four surgeons answered the questionnaire. The average resources reported per hospital were 3 trained laparoscopic surgeons, 2 laparoscopic towers, and 2 sets of laparoscopic instruments. The training of the majority of these surgeons has been in local institutions (53%), a further 37% within African countries and only 10% outside Africa. Approximately 45% of them declared that laparoscopic modules were planned within the University Curricula, while only 18% of surgeons recognized that laparoscopic modules are only planned within the COSECSA program. About 57% of participants reported that at the end of residency training, graduating surgeons were not able to perform basic laparoscopic procedures. The quoted barriers included: limited laparoscopic equipment, absence of simulation lab, lack of qualified trainers, lack of training programs and time for teaching by skilled doctors, and lack of institutional support. CONCLUSIONS: The well-structured set up of laparoscopic training programs in the COSECSA region is hindered due to the lack of qualified personnel and insufficient resources for the acquisition of equipment and simulation laboratories. Ongoing efforts to set up laparoscopic programs through the development of adaptive curricula, innovative strategies for reduction of equipment cost and adequate training of surgeons are crucial for patient safety and the development of laparoscopy

Assessment of resource capacity and barriers to effective practice of laparoscopic surgery in training hospitals affiliated with the College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa (COSECSA).

peer reviewed[en] BACKGROUND: The adoption and accessibility of laparoscopy have been serious issues in countries with limited resources, and for varied reasons. This study assessed resource capacity and barriers to the effective practice of laparoscopic surgery in training hospitals affiliated with the College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa (COSECSA). METHODS: A multi-country survey was conducted from January 2021 to October 2021 using a questionnaire distributed to surgeons in COSECSA hospitals located in 16 different countries. Available resources and surgical volume were assessed, and the barriers to routinely performing laparoscopy were determined. RESULTS: Ninety-four surgeons working in 44 different hospitals from 16 countries participated in the survey. The majority of respondents were general surgeons (n = 75, 79.7%). Other specialties included urology (n = 12, 12.8%) and pediatric surgery (n = 7, 7.4%). Senior surgeons accounted for 60.6% of participants, more than 40% had a managerial position and approximately 20% were surgical trainees. Most respondents practiced in public hospitals (n = 66, 70.2%). A median of three surgeons per hospital performed laparoscopic surgery with, on average, two laparoscopic towers and two sets of laparoscopic instruments available. A median of 10 procedures was carried out per month. The cost of laparoscopic procedures and laparoscopic consumables were reported as being covered by some health insurance payments in 76.9% and 48.4% of cases, respectively. Cholecystectomy was the most commonly reported laparoscopic procedure performed. The five top barriers to performing laparoscopic surgery were: a lack of consumables, a limited quantity of equipment, a lack of skilled surgeons, the high cost of laparoscopic procedures and complicated cases. In addition, having access to skilled anesthesiologists and anesthesia equipment, carbon dioxide, a consistent electric power supply and equipment maintenance were cited as significant challenges. CONCLUSION: The practice of laparoscopy is currently limited in COSECSA countries due to a scarcity of skilled staff and the lack of a funding plan to make laparoscopic services accessible. Therefore, policymakers and stakeholders should take strategic measures to respond to this need

Patient-reported outcome, perception and satisfaction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Kigali, Rwanda.

peer reviewed[en] BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgery is the gold standard for many abdominal surgeries. Laparoscopic programs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and in sub-Saharan Africa face many constraints, although its use is safe, feasible, and clinically beneficial. The authors assessed patient-reported outcomes and the experience of patients operated on at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (CHUK). METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study combining medical data from medical files and information collected from telephone calls to 288 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at CHUK from January 2015 to December 2020. RESULTS: Among 446 laparoscopic surgeries performed at CHUK over 6 years, cholecystectomies accounted for 64.6 % of cases (288/446). Postoperative complications and mortality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy were low, respectively 1.7 % and 0.7 %, while the median length of stay was 3 days. About 74 % of surveyed patients had never heard of laparoscopic surgery prior to their procedure. Knowledge of laparoscopic surgery was associated with patient education level (p 90 % of patients consider laparoscopic surgery as the best surgical approach in Rwanda, and for this reason they declared to be ready to promote this new technology despite its higher cost. However, patients reported some weaknesses and made recommendations for improving public awareness of laparoscopy and its benefits, patient-provider relationships, training of surgical workforce, laparoscopic equipment, and infrastructure. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed with a low rate of postoperative complications in a resource-limited setting like Rwanda. Patient satisfaction was high, but efforts should be made to improve public awareness of laparoscopic surgery, improve surgical capacity, laparoscopic equipment, and infrastructure

Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among healthcare workers at a tertiary hospital in Rwanda

Abstract Objective We evaluated post-vaccination immunity status and describe potential risk factors associated with the lack of response among healthcare workers (HCWs) at a tertiary care hospital in Kigali, Rwanda. Results Of 373 HCWs, 291 (78.2%) were female and 81 (21.8%) were male. The mean age of the study participants was 40.2 years (standard deviation [SD], 7.7 years), within a range of 24–41 years. Participants’ mean BMI was 25.4 ± 6.6 kg/m2, with more than half of patients (60.3%) being overweight. 96% received all three doses of vaccination. A total of 36 participants (9.6%) were considered non responders as they did not develop a sufficient anti-HBs response post vaccination. The anti-HBs response was significantly higher in females when compared to males (p = 0.02). Interestingly, there was no significant association between decline in antibody levels with age (p = 0.242) and BMI (p = 0.516) of the participants. The anti-HBs titers were similar in the group of participants who had received two doses and those who had received three doses of the HBV vaccination. Overall the findings of our study provide a basis for testing for anti-HBs in all HCWs post vaccination in Rwanda

Exploring Perceptions and Acceptance of Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling among Bereaved Relatives and Health-Care Professionals in Rwanda.

peer reviewed[en] PURPOSE: In most low- and lower middle-income countries (LMICs), minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) is a relatively new procedure for identifying the cause of death (CoD). This study aimed to explore perceptions and acceptance of bereaved families and health-care professionals regarding MITS in the context of MITS initiation in Rwanda as an alternative to clinical autopsy. METHODS: This was a qualitative phenomenological study with thematic analysis. Participants were bereaved relatives (individual interviews) and health-care professionals (focus-group discussions) involved in MITS implementation. It was conducted in the largest referral and teaching hospital in Rwanda. RESULTS: Motivators of MITS acceptance included eagerness to know the CoD, noninvasiveness of MITS, trust in medics, and the fact that it was free. Barriers to consent to MITS included inadequate explanations from health-care professionals, high socioeconomic status, lack of power to make decisions, and lack of trust in medics. Health-care professionals perceived both conventional autopsy and MITS as gold-standard procedures in CoD determination. They recommended including MITS among hospital services and commended the post-MITS multidisciplinary discussion panel in CoD determination. They pointed out that there might be reticence in approaching bereaved relatives to obtain consent for MITS. Both groups of participants highlighted the issue of delay in releasing MITS results. CONCLUSION: Both health-care professionals and bereaved relatives appreciate that MITS is an acceptable procedure to include in routine hospital services. Dealing with barriers met by either group is to be considered in the eventual next phases of MITS implementation in Rwanda and similar sociocultural contexts